Frame Relay Bibliographies -
links and Frame Relay article references
There are approximately 200 complete or partial items listed in this
listing. 80% of these links lead to the complete work and about 20% lead to
identifying why you can locate the reference at your library or by using the Search
Engines to hunt them down. Unfortunately some of the more commercial web sites use
the partial chapters as bait to lure you into buying the hard copy of the text - rather
then putting the whole thing online and letting the consumer decide whether he/she prefers
the free online version or if they wish to purchase a hard copy.
Another problem with maintaining this listing is that web sites live and die faster then
fruit flies - so it is possible that links will be up one day and down the next.
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Good luck... good hunting... and hopefully good reading !
Network Bibliography : Frame Relay
A. Conta, "IPv6
Neighbor Discovery Extensions for Inverse Discovery Specification," Internet
Engineering Task Force, Aug. 1997.
Abstract: This memo describes a mechanism that can be seen as an extension to
the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery. It allows a node to solicit and be advertized an IPv6 address
corresponding to a given link-layer address. Because the known parameter is the link layer
address, the mechanism is called Inverse Neighbor Discovery. It specifically applies to
Frame Relay nodes that may have a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI), the Frame Relay
equivalent of a link-layer address, associated with an established Permanent Virtual
Circuit (PVC), but do not know the IPv6 address of the node at the other end of the
circuit. It may also apply to other networks with similar behavior.
A. Conta and M. Mueller, "Transmission
of IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force, Jul. 1997.
Abstract: This memo describes the transmission of IPv6 packets over Frame Relay,
the IPv6 Frame Relay interface token, the IPv6 Frame Relay link local addresses, the IPv6
Frame Relay link layer Information formatting for Neighbor Discovery.
A. Malis, A. Conta and P. Doolan, "Use of Label
Switching With Frame Relay Specification," Internet Engineering Task Force, Nov.
1997.
Abstract: This document defines the model and generic mechanisms for
Multiprotocol Label Switching on Frame Relay networks. A Multiprotocol Label Switching
Architecture is described in [ARCH]. MPLS enables the use of Frame Relay Switches as Label
Switching Routers (LSRs).
J. Dunn and C. Martin, "Terminology for Frame
Relay Benchmarking," Internet Engineering Task Force, Feb. 1999.
Abstract: This memo discusses and defines terms associated with performance
benchmarking tests and the results of these tests in the context of frame relay switching
devices. The terms defined in this memo will be used in addition to terms defined in RFCs
1242, 1944 and 2285. This memo is a product of the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group
(BMWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF).
J. Dunn and C. Martin, "Terminology for
Frame Relay Benchmarking," Internet Engineering Task Force, Nov. 2000.
Abstract: This memo discusses and defines terms associated with performance
benchmarking tests and the results of these tests in the context of frame relay switching
devices. The terms defined in this memo will be used in addition to terms defined in RFCs
1242, 1944 and 2285. This memo is a product of the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group
(BMWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF).
K. Rehbehn, O. Nicklass and G. Mouradian, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Monitoring and Controlling the Frame Relay/ATM PVC Service
Interworking Function," Internet Engineering Task Force, Jun. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) to configure,
monitor, and control a service interworking function (IWF) for Permanent Virtual
Connections (PVC) between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technologies.
R. Steinberger and O. Nicklass, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service Level Definitions," Internet
Engineering Task Force, Sep. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension of the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular,
it defines objects for managing the Frame Relay Service Level Definitions. This memo does
not specify a standard for the Internet community.
K. Rehbehn and D. Fowler, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service," Internet Engineering Task Force,
Jun. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension to the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular,
it defines objects for managing the frame relay service.
P. Pate, B. Lynch and K. Rehbehn, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Monitoring and Controlling the UNI/NNI Multilink Frame Relay
Function," Internet Engineering Task Force, Oct. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) for monitoring
and controlling a UNI/NNI Multilink Frame Relay Function as defined in Frame Relay Forum
FRF.16. This MIB also include conformance and notification information.
B. Coutts, "Frame Relay
Switched PVC MIB," Internet Engineering Task Force, Nov. 1998.
Abstract: This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP- based internets. In particular, it
defines objects for managing Frame Relay Switched Permanent Virtual Circuits (SPVCs). This
memo does not specify a standard for the Internet community.
C. Brown and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol
Interconnect over Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force, Sep. 1998.
Abstract: This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network
interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects of both Bridging and
Routing. Systems with the ability to transfer both the encapsulation method described in
this document, and others must have a priori knowledge of which virtual circuits will
carry which encapsulation method and this encapsulation must only be used over virtual
circuits that have been explicitly configured for its use.
C. Brown, A. Malis and T. Bradley, "Inverse
Address Resolution Protocol," Internet Engineering Task Force, Jul. 1998.
Abstract: This memo describes additions to ARP that will allow a station to
request a protocol address corresponding to a given hardware address. Specifically, this
applies to Frame Relay stations that may have a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI),
the Frame Relay equivalent of a hardware address, associated with an established Permanent
Virtual Circuit (PVC), but do not know the protocol address of the station on the other
side of this connection. It will also apply to other networks with similar circumstances.
This memo replaces RFC 1293. The changes from RFC 1293 are minor changes to formalize the
language, the additions of a packet diagram and an example in section 7.2, and a new
security section.
G. Armitage, P. Schulter, M. Jork and G. Harter, "IPv6 over
Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) networks," Internet Engineering Task Force,
Oct. 1998.
Abstract: This document describes a general architecture for IPv6 over NBMA
networks. It forms the basis for subsidiary companion documents that describe details for
various specific NBMA technologies (such as ATM or Frame Relay). The IPv6 over NBMA
architecture allows conventional host-side operation of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
protocol, while also supporting the establishment of 'shortcut' NBMA forwarding paths when
dynamically signaled NBMA links are available. Operations over administratively configured
Point to Point NBMA links are also described. Dynamic NBMA shortcuts are achieved through
the use of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol operation within Logical Links, and
inter-router NHRP for the discovery of off-Link NBMA destinations. Both flow- triggered
and explicitly source-triggered shortcuts are supported.
A. Conta, A. Malis and M. Mueller, "Transmission of
IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay Networks Specification," Internet Engineering Task
Force, Feb. 1999.
Abstract: This memo describes mechanisms for the transmission of IPv6 packets
over Frame Relay networks.
A. Conta, "Extensions to
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery for Inverse Discovery Specification," Internet
Engineering Task Force, Jul. 2000.
Abstract: This memo describes extensions to the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery that
allow a node to solicit and be advertised an IPv6 address corresponding to a given
link-layer address. These extensions are called Inverse Neighbor Discovery. They
specifically apply to Frame Relay networks but they may also apply to other networks with
similar behavior.
V. Rawat, R. Tio and R. Verma, "Layer Two
Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) over Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force,
Jul. 2000.
Abstract: Layer Two Tunneling Protocol describes a mechanism to tunnel PPP
sessions. The protocol has been designed to be independent of the media it runs over. The
base specification describes how it should be implemented to run over UDP and IP. This
document describes how the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol MUST be implemented over Frame
Relay PVCs and SVCs.
A. Conta, P. Doolan and A. Malis, "Use of Label
Switching on Frame Relay Networks Specification," Internet Engineering Task
Force, Jun. 2000.
Abstract: This document defines the model and generic mechanisms for
Multiprotocol Label Switching on Frame Relay networks. Furthermore, it extends and
clarifies portions of the Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture described in [ARCH]
and the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) described in [LDP] relative to Frame Relay
Networks. MPLS enables the use of Frame Relay Switches as Label Switching Routers (LSRs).
W. Simpson, "PPP in
Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force, Aug. 1998.
Abstract: The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [RFC-1661] provides a standard
method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. This document
describes the use of Frame Relay for framing PPP encapsulated packets.
V. Rawat, R. Tio and R. Verma, "Layer Two
Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) over Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force,
Jun. 1999.
Abstract: Layer Two Tunneling Protocol describes a mechanism to tunnel PPP
sessions. The protocol has been designed to be independent of the media it runs over. The
base specification describes how it should be implemented to run over UDP and IP. This
document describes how the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol MUST be implemented over Frame
Relay PVCs and SVCs.
P. Calhoun, W. Townsley, S. Vakil and D. Grosser, "Layer Two
Tunneling Protocol 'L2TP' Security Extensions for Non-IP networks," Internet
Engineering Task Force, Jul. 1998.
Abstract: The L2TP document [1] defines the base protocol which describes the
method of tunneling PPP [2] data. The L2TP document states that the security mechanism
used over an IP network is to use the IETF's IPSEC protocols. L2TP was designed in such a
way as to be able to run over any underlying layer (i.e. Frame Relay, ATM, etc.). This
document specifies extensions to the L2TP protocol in order to provide authentication and
integrity of individual packets in a tunneled session over a network where IPSEC or
another suitable security protocol is not available.
K. Kompella and others, "MPLS-based
Layer 2 VPNs," Internet Engineering Task Force, Oct. 2000.
Abstract: Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) based on Frame Relay or ATM circuits
have been around a long time. While these VPNs work well, the costs of maintaining
separate networks for Internet traffic and VPNs and the administrative burden of
provisioning these VPNs have led Service Providers to look for alternative solutions. In
this document, we present a VPN solution where from the customer's point of view, the VPN
is based on Layer 2 circuits, but the Service Provider maintains and manages a single
MPLS-based network for IP, MPLS IP VPNs, and Layer 2 VPNs.
L. Martini, N. El-Aawar, D. Vlachos, D. Tappan, E. Rosen, S. Vogelsang, J. Shirron, A.
Malis and K. Hsu, "Transport
of Layer 2 Frames Over MPLS," Internet Engineering Task Force, Sep. 2000.
Abstract: This document describes methods for transporting the Protocol Data
Units (PDUs) of layer 2 protocols such as Frame Relay, ATM AAL5, Ethernet, and providing a
SONET circuit emulation service across an MPLS network.
D. McPherson, R. Bhat, A. Koscinski and C. Ho, "L2TP Circuit
Emulation Services Extension," Internet Engineering Task Force, Jun. 2000.
Abstract: The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) [RFC2661] defines a mechanism
for tunneling PPP sessions. This document proposes mechanisms by which the L2TP tunneling
scheme can be used to provide circuit emulation support for layer 2 circuits (i.e. Frame
Relay or ATM), as well as TDM circuits (i.e. DS1 or DS3). L2TP is used to provide
tunneling support and each circuit is encapsulated over a session inside the Tunnel. An
Encapsulation Services Protocol [RefESP] is used on top of the individual L2TP sessions to
support the circuit emulation of layer 2 VCs or TDM circuits. The purpose of this document
is to explain the L2TP modifications done to facilitate support of circuit emulation
services, as well as to define the additional AVPs that can be used to provide the
service.
S. Gabe, D. Jamieson, B. Jamoussi and D. Williston, "Nortel's Virtual
Network Switching (VNS) Overview," Internet Engineering Task Force, May 1998.
Abstract: This document provides an overview of Virtual Network Switching (VNS).
VNS is a multi-protocol switching architecture that provides COS- sensitive packet
switching, reduces the complexity of operating protocols like PPP and frame relay,
provides logical networks and traffic segregation for Virtual Private Networks (VPNs),
security and traffic engineering, enables efficient WAN broadcasting and multicasting, and
reduces address space requirements. VNS reduces the number of routing hops over the WAN by
switching packets based on labels. VNS has been proven in production networks for several
years.
R. Steinberger and O. Nicklass, "Definitions of
Managed Objects for Frame Relay Circuit Interfaces," Internet Engineering Task
Force, Jun. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension of the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular,
it defines objects for managing the addition of Frame Relay Circuit Interfaces into the
ifTable. This memo does not specify a standard for the Internet community.
P. Vaananen and R. Ravikanth, "Framework
for Traffic Management in MPLS Networks," Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar.
1998.
Abstract: It has been recognised that the success of the MPLS depends on the
ability to better support the multiservice traffic integration with some levels of service
guarantees, which are not feasible to implement with the current destination prefix only
based packet forwarding paradigms. The efficient support for these services throughout the
network is expected to be possible using label based forwarding paradigm in the network.
However, the service categories and the enabling mechanisms to support those service
categories are not well addressed in the current proposals for the MPLS working group; the
effort has mostly concentrated on the handling of the best effort traffic and associated
scalability and routing related issues. The goal of this document is to define a framework
for traffic management in MPLS networks. We discuss the set of mechanisms that have been
proposed for enabling the implementation of the more advanced services than pure
best-effort packet forwarding, and the impact of those mechanisms with respect to MPLS
network environments and MPLS protocol implementation. The document describes the
mechanisms and their application with the intent to approach the level of the traffic
management capabilities that are currently available in hybrid router/ATM or frame relay
networks using the MPLS. The approach taken is that no modifications are required in the
end station protocol or application software in the first phase of deployment, while this
might be allowed later, if deemed necessary. This document concentrates on the issues from
the public network operators point of view, although most of the discussion applies as
well in the local network environments. Concepts and mechanisms described in this document
are based on the previous work done in the subject on various working groups of IETF and
other standardisation bodies. It has been attempted to use applicable concepts and
terminology from previous work as
L. Wu, P. Cheval, P. Vaananen, F. le Faucheur and B. Davie, "MPLS Support of
Differentiated Services by ATM LSRs and Frame Relay LSRs," Internet Engineering
Task Force, Feb. 1999.
Abstract: This document proposes updates to the current MPLS LDP and MPLS RSVP
messages for LSP establishment in order to support Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv)
over ATM LSRs and Frame Relay LSRs. In brief, we propose that: - a set of PHBs that
requires no misordering of packets in a microflow (even if the microflow contains packets
for more than one PHB) be defined as a PHB forwarding class (PFC); - packets that belong
to the same PFC and the same forwarding equivalence class (FEC) should be transported over
the same ATM LSP or FR LSP; - for a given FEC, a separate ATM LSP or FR LSP should be
established for each PFC, so that multiple ATM or FR LSPs are established in parallel for
support of Diff-Serv; - among the set of PHBs transported over the same ATM LSP or FR LSP,
the different PHBs' drop precedences be mapped into, and enforced via, the layer 2
specific selective discard mechanism (CLP bit with ATM, DE bit with FR).
J. Yu, L. Jou, A. Matthews and V. Srinivasan, "Criteria for
Evaluating VPN Implementation Mechanisms," Internet Engineering Task Force, Jul.
2000.
Abstract: A variety of mechanisms for implementing Virtual Private Network (VPN)
utilizing public IP network infrastructure have been proposed in [1,2,3,4] and more may be
emerging. This document attempts to identify a set of criteria for evaluating such
mechanisms. The criteria could be used by IETF for evaluating a VPN proposal before
advancing it to standard track or by VPN Service Providers or enterprise network
administrators for choosing which mechanism to use in order to implement their desired VPN
networks. The mechanisms this criteria addresses are exclusively for implementing IP based
VPNs, as oppose to non-IP based ones, such as Frame Relay based VPNs, etc.
K.-J. Chen, Bharat T. Doshi, H. Q. Nguyen and K. M. Rege, "Performance of LAPD
Frame Relay Networks: Transmission Error Effects and Congestion Control," in Twelfth
International Teletraffic Congress, Bonatti, Mario, ed., (Torino, Italy), pp.
1100--1108, Jun. 1988.
Abstract: In this paper we describe some models which were developed to study
the effects of transmission errors and various congestion control schemes on the
performance of LAPD frame relay networks. These models are used to provide results for
representative error characteristics and traffic mixes. It is shown that link efficiency
remains high at representative values of transmission error parameters and that effective
congestion controls are possible for such networks.
Annote: end-to-end error control
Keywords: congestion control; frame relay; LAPD; ARQ; access control;
performance; nonexhaustive service
Kiran M. Roger and Kim-Joan Chen, "An Analytical Model for Buffer and Trunk Sizing
and Severe Congestion Avoidance in LAPD Frame-Relay Networks," in Conference
Record of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), (Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania), pp. 124--130, Jun. 1988.
Abstract: An analytic model is presented to deal with sizing and managing
sources so that the severity of congestion can be minimized. This model does not account
for packet loss and the consequent retransmission. However, it computes distributions of
the number of packets of each type in the trunk buffer and the corresponding memory
requirements, which can be used to estimate the probability of packet loss for a given
buffer size. The model uses closed queuing analysis with simple approximations to account
for the constraints imposed by window flow control. Some results derived from the model
are presented and compared with those obtained through simulation. The analytical model
can deal with the buffer sizing problem for high-speed trunks which can carry thousands of
virtual circuits. It is demonstrated that with proper system sizing and management,
network resources can be efficiently utilized.
Keywords: congestion; congestion control; frame relay
Bharat T. Doshi and Han Q. Nguyen, "Congestion Control in ISDN Frame-Relay
Networks," AT&T Technical Journal, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 35-46, Nov. 1988.
Abstract: Like X.25 packet networks, ISDN frame-relay networks require effective
congestion control mechanisms to cope with unanticipated network component failures and
overloads. Unlike X.25 packet networks, ISDN frame relay-networks perform the requisite
packet-switching function without terminating the link and network layer data-transfer
protocols. They therefore cannot used delayed acknowledgement and/or receiver-not-ready
indications embedded in these protocols for congestion control. This paper reviews the
measures that can be used to control congestion effectively in ISDN frame-relay networks.
Peter Desnoyers, "Congestion Control in Large Frame Relay Networks,"
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1988.
Wai Sum Lai, "Network and Nodal Architectures For the Internetworking Between
Frame Relaying Services," ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 19, no. 1,
pp. 72-84, Jan. 1989.
Abstract: Frame relaying is a new CCITT-recommended packet mode bearer service
in ISDNs for data communications. Its major characteristics are out-of-band call control
and link layer mulitplexing. Requirements for the interworking between frame relaying
services are the support for a multi-network, multi-vendor environment, and the
integration of call control. After a comparison of the service characteristics of packet
switching, circuit switching, and frame relaying, we conclude that the inter-nodal
interworking strategy meets these requirements better than the internet-work interworking
strategy. To understand better the requirements of a network architecture for the
provision of frame relaying service, and to lend support for the standardization of the
inter-nodal interworking strategy, a preliminary view on the functional structure of a
network node is presented.
Jim Lamont and Man Him Hui, "Some Experience with LAN Interconnection via Frame
Relaying," IEEE Network, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 21--24, Sep. 1989.
Abstract: The use of remote bridges to interconnect physically distant Local
Area Networks (LANs) has become increasingly popular. Currently, there are various ways of
connecting these remote bridges, including private line, circuit switching, and
traditional packet switching. Recent work on new ISDN packet-mode services has shown one
of them, frame relaying, to be particularly well-suited to this task. This article
summarizes our experience gained through building and trialing a bridge that interconnects
token rings via frame relying.
Wai Sum Lai, "Network and Nodal Architectures for the Internetworking between
Frame Relaying Services," ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 19, no. 1,
Jan. 1989.
Kim-Joan Chen, Kelvin K. Y. Ho and Vikram R. Saksena, "Analysis and Design of a
Highly Reliable Transport Architecture for ISDN Frame-Relay Networks," IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1231--1242, Oct. 1989.
Abstract: This paper explores control strategies in the design of a
high-performance transport architecture for ISDN frame-relay networks. Unlike conventional
X.25 networks, frame relaying involves minimal protocol processing at the network nodes,
thereby achieving low latency and high throughput. However, by pushing the protocol state
machines at the end points of the transport connection, the network loses some of the
control capabilities for effectively managing the use of shared resources and becomes
vulnerable to traffic overloads and facility features. To cope with such vulnerabilities
and to meet the high expectations of end-user performance, we propose several strategies
for congestion control, virtual-circuit routing, and failure detection and session
maintenance. We demonstrate that these strategies can provide the network with effective
bandwidth management capabilities while incurring very little overhead that would negate
the advantages of frame-relay networking.
Keywords: Transport Protocol; Analysis; Design; ISDN; Frame Relay
A. Birman, "A High-Performance Switch with Applications to Frame Relay
Networks," in Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE
Infocom), (San Francisco, California), Jun. 1990.
Keywords: High-Speed Networking
Moe Rahnema, "Frame relaying and the fast packet switching concepts and
issues," IEEE Network, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 18--23, Jul. 1991.
Abstract: The reliable high-speed transport of information in digital format
provided by optical fibers is bringing major changes to services, network architecture,
and the efficient infrastructure for transferring information. Many new services of
diverse characteristics and bandwidth requirements are being made feasible. These services
may even be provided through a single network made of high-speed digital ``pipes''
implementing new modes of transfer that can flexibly handle all information in packet form
through maintaining the efficiency and flexibility of the conventional packet switching
concept while preserving the high throughput and low delays provided by the channel
structure circuit switched networks. This article discusses the evolving new concepts in
information transfer, some of the recent international Consultative Committee for
Telephone and Telegragh standards, and the remaining issues for implementing these
services. Finally, a review of some of the industry implementations is provided.
Keywords: frame relay; fast packet switching; implementation
Israel Cidon, Jeff Derby, Inder Gopal and Bharath Kadaba, "A critique of ATM from
a data communications perspective," IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
Heights, New York, 1991?.
Abstract: Fast packet switching is emerging as the preferred technology for
future high speed, integrated networks. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is an approach to
FPS that is in the process of standardization and is the preferred approach of the carrier
community. Concurrently, alternative approaches to FPS based on variable sized packets
have been proposed by segments of the data communications industry. These approaches
include frame relay and an approach developed by IBM called PARIS. The purpose of this
paper is to examine the suitability of ATM for data communications relative to some of
these alternative approaches. By using LAN traffic data, we show that the fixed length
packets in ATM can result in significantly worse transmission efficiency over variable
size in many real traffic scenarios. In addition, we demonstrate that considerably more
processing power is needed to handle segmentation and reassembly for ATM and that
statistical multiplexing also present some unique problems. Also, we present some
qualitative arguments to show that the label swapping approach for routing in ATM is more
complex to implement, potentially slower in processing call setup and less capable of
supporting datagrams when compared to the source routing technique.
Keywords: ATM; PTM; fast packet switching; gigabit networks; data
R. Despres, "Global High Speed WAN Architecture for the 90's," Computer
Networks and ISDN Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands, vol. 23, pp. 125-128, Nov. 1991.
Annote: The author argues that CONS (Connection-Oriented Network Services)
should be used in future high speed networks as they provide flow control The author
states that CLNS (Connection-Less Network Services), Frame relay (FR) and Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) do not provide flow control The author claims that X.25 works well at
2Mbit/s and for error prone links is better than CLNS or FR as it has local rather than
end-to-end error control As IP has no flow control, retransmissions of discarded packets
can lead to instability Encapsulating IP over X.25 apparently prevents instability in IP
networks at local sites from spreading out over the WAN The author claims that CONS is
suitable at speeds greater than 500Mbit/s because ``most of the high speed traffic comes
from bulk data transfers where user data units are very long'' The author favours the use
of 64Kbyte packets on high speed networks to increase thoughput The author claims that
X.25's second big plus point is that it also offers packet reassembly The author claims
that X.25 should be adapted to future high speed networks by moving it's emphasis to
multipoint rather than point to point The author states that he feels X.25 and ATM should
operate together in a future network to provide CONS operation
M. Wernik, R. Kositpaiboon and P. Carbone, "Architecture and Control Aspects of
Data Service Evolution to Broadband," in Proc. ITC Specialists' Seminar
Telecommunication Services for Developing Economies, (Cracow), vol. 1, pp. 36-46,
1991.
Annote: This paper addresses Virtual Data Network (VDN) service and technology
evolution to broadband. The BISDN protocol enabling Frame Relay service evolution to
broadband VDN is then proposed with emphasis on the use of the ATM network for Frame Relay
trunking and on interworking aspects. The traffic management and control requirements
enabling evolution from Frame Relay service to broadband VDN are further discussed.
Keywords: Architecture; ATM; broadband; frame relay; BISDN
D. Follett, E. Dutkiewicz and G. Anido, "Interworking FASTPAC and Frame Relay:
Evolution to BISDN," Australian Broadband Switching and Services Symposium,
Sydney, vol. 1, pp. 234-241, 1991.
Annote: Frame relay bearer service can be used to provide interconnection
between local and metropolitan area networks to form international high speed data
networks. An architecture foran interworking unit capable of interconnecting IEEE 802.6
MANs to form an extended FASTPAC service is proposed.
Keywords: MAN; DQDB; BISDN; Frame Relay; architecture
Ramon Caceres, "Efficiency
of Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks in Transporting Wide-Area Data Traffic,"
UC Berkeley, pp. 1--14, 1991.
Abstract: For performance and economic reasons, ATM networks must efficiently
support the Internet family of protocols. We calculate the transmission efficiency
achieved by a range of ATM-related protocols when transporting TCP and UDP wide-area
traffic. We also compare the efficiency effects of several non-standard compression
techniques. To assure an accurate workload characterization, we drive these calculations
with millions of wide-area packet lengths measured on the current Internet. We find that
networks using standard ATM procedures are dismally inefficient in carrying traditional
data traffic - depending on the protocols used, efficiency as seen by an application
program ranges between 40 and 53\%. Moreover, due to interaction between TCP-IP datagram
lengths and ATM cell padding, efficiency responds abruptly to changes in certain protocol
parameters - for example, a 4-byte increase in ATM cell payload size can yield a 10\%
increase in efficiency. Using one compression technique in isolation can improve
efficiency by 12\%, and simultaneously using three techniques can improve it by 34\%.
These issues should be considered when designing future ATM networks.
Keywords: ATM traffic analysis traffic measurement TCP/IP UDP TCP/IP header
compression ATM transmission overhead (header, trailer, alignment, padding) Message Stream
Protocol (MSP) Frame Relay SMDS XUNET 2 SAR (segmentation and reassembly sublayer) NNStat
WAN
Bharat T. Doshi and Pravin K. Johri, "Communication protocols for high speed
packet networks," Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp.
243--273, May 1992.
Abstract: With the advent of very high speeds, cleaner transmission media and
richer mix of applications in packet networks (LANs, MANs, WANs), protocols in the network
and in the end systems are undergoing many changes. In this paper, we discuss these
changes at a functional level. The emphasis is on the motivation and functionality.
Particular attention is given to the functions of switching and multiplexing, error/loss
recovery, receiver flow control and network congestion control. Both the network and the
end system protocols are discussed here with a somewhat greater emphasis on the latter.
Keywords: TCP; IP; X.25; LAPB; LAPD; frame relay; BISDN; ATM; AAL; congestion
control; transport protocols; flow control
J. Vozmediano, J. Berrocal and J. Vinyes, "Architectures for interworking between
BISDN and frame relay," in 4th IFIP Conference on High Performance Networking,
(Li\`ege, Belgium), pp. I3-1 -- I3-12, Dec. 1992.
Abstract: Frame relay is revealing itself as a popular interface for data
communication across wide area networks. ATM is the transfer method of the future BISDN,
which is expected to support any kind of service including data communications. As BISDN
deployment will be gradual and frame relay provides a cheap and efficient access
interface, it is envisaged that ATM will not replace frame relay immediately, and that
both of them will coexist to access the BISDN. This paper attempts to identify the
scenario for interworking between frame relay and ATM. Possible approaches to give FR
service over ATM are introduced, and several ATM adaptation layers are explored to find
the most suitable to support it. Interworking procedures at the FR--BISDN border are also
sketched for each of these AALs.
Keywords: network interconnection; BISDN; ATM; frame relay
Israel Cidon, Jeff Derby, Inder Gopal and Bharath Kadaba, "A critique of ATM from
a data communications perspective," Journal of High Speed Networks, vol. 1,
no. 4, pp. 315--336, 1992.
Abstract: Fast packet switching is emerging as the preferred technology for
future high speed, integrated networks. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is an approach to
FPS that is in the process of standardization and is the preferred approach of the carrier
community. Concurrently, alternative approaches to FPS based on variable sized packets
have been proposed by segments of the data communications industry. These approaches
include frame relay and an approach developed by IBM called PARIS. The purpose of this
paper is to examine the suitability of ATM for data communications relative to some of
these alternative approaches.
Annote: Uses 9-byte ATM per-cell overhead; arguments: header/padding overhead;
extra delay due to higher overhead; adaptation layer processing; cell discarding during
overload (avalanche effect)
Keywords: ATM; PTM; fast packet switching; gigabit networks; data
Tom Jones, Ken Rehbehn and Ellen Jennings, "The Buyer's Guide to Frame Relay
Networking," Herndon, Virginia, 1992.
Keywords: frame relay; network architecture
S. J. Lowe and V. B. Lawrence, "Data Communications," IEEE Spectrum,
vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 39-41, Jan. 1992.
Annote: The US house and Senate have passed legislation enabling an ultragigabit
per second National Research and Education Network (NREN) backcone to be built. The NSFNet
backbone is the first network in the US to make use of 'unchannelised' 45Mbit/s T3 links.
Public Frame Relay was started in the US in 1991 by WilTel Inc. ``Todays gigabit - and
tomrrow's terabit - networks are beign designed for high bandwidth, low delay and a low
error rate.'' In high speed networks it may be advisable to sacrafice some bandwidth for
improved protocol processing efficiency.
Ben Lisowski and Louise Reingold, "Sprint's Evolution to Broadband ISDN," IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 28--30, Aug. 1992.
Abstract: BISDN will allow public carriers to replace dedicated transmission
facilities with rapidly reconfigurable virtual networks.
Keywords: X.25; frame relay; virtual private network (VPN); SMDS; ATM; SONET
BISDN; public carrier
K. Lundfall, "Frame Relay - for Faster and More Efficient Data
Communication," Ericsson Review No. 1-2, pp. 3-11, 1992.
Keywords: frame relay
James P. Cavanagh, "Applying the Frame Relay interface to Private Networks," IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 48--65, Mar 1992.
Abstract: This standardized interface provides economical multiplexed access to
backbone networks
Keywords: Frame Relay interface; Private Networks
M. Irfan Ali, "Frame Relay in Public Networks," IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 72--79, Mar 1992.
Abstract: Relaying variable-length data frames through a network offers enhanced
throughput at reduced cost
Keywords: Frame Relay; Public Networks
David E. McDysan and Michael E. Conn, "Key issues in transporting TCP/IP over
public data networks," in Proceedings of the International Networking Conference
(INET), (San Francisco, California), pp. CDD-1 -- CDD-9, Aug. 1993.
Abstract: This paper summarizes and contrasts key issues associated with the use
of the frame relay (FR), switch multi-megabit data service (SMDS), asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM) and broadband integrated services network (BISDN) public networks protocols for
transporting the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). This paper also
analyzes the interaction of the TCP/IP protocol stack with these emerging public data
network services and identifies how data networking performance can be tuned or improved.
Key issues covered include IP encapsulation methods, traffic controls, congestion
controls, routing methods, security implications, and the effects of the public network
protocol on end-to-end performance. The current benchmark of IP routers connected by
private lines in the Internet is uses as the starting point. The implications of
supporting such an IP network is shown to be sensitive to delay, which will be largest in
initial frame relay networks, but decrease markedly with the deployment of SMDS and then
ATM. It is shown that within a few years that public data networks will offer performance
at levels similar to high speed private line based data networks in a cost effective
manner by sharing the bandwidth on the backbone and the buffer resources within the
network. The public data network will be able to reduce delay for multi-hop IP routes that
take a long indirect path when route discovery mechanisms allow a more direct public
network path to be found and used. Furthermore, broader connectivity for both the access
line to the IP routers, and the trunks between IP routers, can be achieved by public data
networks.
Keywords: Internet; public data networks; frame relay; ATM; ISDN; SMDS
J. B. Evans, V. S. Frost, L. Neir, D. W. Petr and J. Singh, "Access traffic
control implementations for frame relay," in Conference Record of the
International Conference on Communications (ICC), (Geneva), vol. 3, pp. 1348-1352,
1993.
Abstract: This paper considers various aspects of the implementation of access
traffic control mechanisms for frame relay networks. We highlight the distinction between
two related rate control mechanisms: access policing by the network and traffic shaping by
the user. We also discuss design requirements of a leaky bucket shaper that will achieve
zero policing loss and minimum delay when operating in conjunction with a leaky bucket
policer.
Keywords: Traffic shaping; leaky bucket; access control; frame relay
Harry Santoso and Serge Fdida, "Frame relay: a solution for high bandwidth
networking," Computer Communications, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 432-439, Jul. 1993.
Abstract: Before public broadband data services based on the Asynchronous
Transfer Mode become available the frame relay network is expected to be introduced in
private/public networks. This tutorial first describes the technology and future
importance of frame relay networks in providing high speed data services. Then it reviews
the general frame relay protocol structures. The paper also emphasizes the two important
aspects of frame relay: congestion control and interoperability.
Keywords: simplified protocol; guaranteed bandwidth; congestion notification;
interconnection
Philip Smith, "Frame Relay," Wokingham, England, 1993.
Keywords: Fr
D. W. Petr, J. B. Evans, L. Neir, J. Singh and V. S. Frost, "Access Traffic
Control Implementations for Frame Relay," in Conference Record of the
International Conference on Communications (ICC), (Geneva, Switzerland), pp.
1348-1352, May 1993.
Keywords: Traffic control; frame relay
P. Katsavos and V. Varadharajan, "Security Protocol for Frame Relay," ACM
Computer Communication Review, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 17--35, Oct. 1993.
Abstract: This paper considers the protection of traffic using the Frame Relay
service. First, we briefly describe the structure and functionality of the Frame Relay
interface. Differences between the PTTs and the private vendor community with respect to
Frame Relay interface are outlined. Then, we consider why the existing security protocols
are inadequate in protecting the Frame Relay traffic effectively. This leads to the
proposal of a new security sublayer (SFRC) which provides Secure Frame Relay Connections.
Initially, we discuss the choice behind the placement of the SFRC sublayer within the
Frame Relay interface. Then, we present the security services provided by the SFRC
sublayer, the structure of the protocol data unit it employs for secure transfer of data
and the types of MIB objects controlling its functionality. Finally, we suggest some
supplementary security services not directly supported by the SFRC entities for future
consideration.
F. Bonomi, B. T. Doshi and P. K. Johri, "Carrying Frame-Relay Traffic Over ATM
Backbone," in Proc. 14th Int. Teletraffic Cong., 6-10, (Antibes Juan Les Pins,
France), vol. 1, pp. 1131-1142, Jun. 1994.
Keywords: ATM; frame relay; backbone network; analysis; protocol; approximation
P. Castelli, "Frame Relay over ATM: traffic control aspects," CSELT:
Technical Reports, Italy, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 307 - 326, 1994.
Abstract: This paper aims at examining some traffic control issus related to the
support of Frame Relay over ATM networks. Two different scenarios will be taken into
account: the interconnection of Frame Relay nodes by means of an ATM network and the
interworking between Frame Relay and ATM networks. The first scenario con efficiently be
supported over a Virtual Path Cross Connected ATM network by using a simple peak
allocation policy for resource manage
Keywords: ATM; frame relay; connection admission control; overload control;
internetworking
Pierre A. Humblet, Whay C. Lee and Michael G. Hluchyj, "Buffer Allocation for
Frame Reassembly and Queueing in ATM Networks," in Proceedings of the Conference
on Computer Communications (IEEE Infocom), (Toronto, Canada), Jun. 1994.
Abstract: Buffer allocation for frame reassembly and queueing in the destination
node of an ATM subnetwork supporting multiple frame relay connections is examined. The
finite peak rate of a frame relay connection is explicitly modeled and shown to be an
important factor in buffer sizing. Specifically, the average number of buffers required is
shown to be large when many low-peak-rate frame relay connections are multiplexed for
delivery to a single high-speed frame relay interface port, but the tail of the
distribution is determined only by aggregate traffic statistics.
Keywords: buffer allocation; frame reassembly and queueing; frame relay
connections
Rainer Händel, Manfred N. Huber and Stefan Schröder, "ATM Networks: Concepts,
Protocols, Applications," , 1994.
Keywords: architecture; ATM; ITU; B-ISDN; connectionless service; cross connect;
data traffic; frame relay; internetworking; network; optical switching; protocol; SDH;
signalling; signalling protocol; standard; switching system; transmission system; fast
packet switching; tutorial
A. Roger Kaye and Shu Zhang, "Congestion Control in Integrated Voice-Data Frame
Relay Networks and the Case for Embedded Coding," in Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Global Communications (GLOBECOM), (San Francisco, California), pp.
1565--1570, Nov. 1994.
Abstract: Frame Relay (FR) networks will be increasingly used for multiple
classes of traffic, particularly for compressed voice and data. The Qualiy of Service
requirements for these two classes are very different: voice is delay sensitive, data is
loss sensitive. The use of low-speed access lines to FR networks requires the use of
priority service for voice and this entails a requirement for separate congestion control
facilities for the two services. This paper reviews a number of possible congestion
control techniques, some of which involve interactions with variable-rate, embedded voice
coders. Performance results are presented for an example network and it is shown that
certain fairly broad optimal settings can be found for threshold levels and other design
parameters.
Hao-Jen Fu and Renu Chipalkatti, "A Distributed and
Cooperative Broadband Service Management Architecture North Carolina Information Highway
Experience," in Proc. of Gigabit Networking Workshop, (Boston,
Massachusetts), Apr. 1995.
Abstract: With the proliferation of ATM networks and the offering of a multitude
of services such as video conferencing, frame relay, switched multimegabit data service
(SMDS), and customer network management (CNM), there is a critical need for effective
operations support. The management of these ATM services offers a variety of challenges,
particularly since ATM deployment is proceeding even while standards are still evolving.
The fact that these ATM services are often provided across LEC boundaries further
complicates the approach that service providers have to take to manage broadband services.
Keywords: ATM; SMDS
T. Suzuki, S. Hidaka and H. Ohnishi, "A Packet Switching Architecture for the
Evolution to B-ISDN Services," in Proc. 15th ISS, 23-28, (Berlin, Germany),
pp. C4.4, Apr. 1995.
Abstract: Forderungen an zuknftige Datenvermittlungssysteme werden
aufgestellt und ein Realisierungsvorschlag unterbreitet, der eine ”konomische L”sung
fr die šbernahme von Paket-Datendiensten aus demSchmalband-ISDN ins B-ISDN
verspricht. Dabei soll eine Erweiterung auf Hochgeschwindigkeits-Datendienste mittels
Paket Mode Bearer Services, Frame Relay und Cell Relay simultan m”glich gemacht
werden und einfach realisierbar sein.
Keywords: ISDN; X.25; ATM; packetization; switching network; FRAME RELAY
M. Parker and others, "The European ATM Pilot," in Proc. 15th ISS, 23-28,
(Berlin, Germany), vol. 1, pp. 146-150, Apr. 1995.
Abstract: šberblick ber das Europ„ische ATM Pilotprojekt. Es
werden zuerst die Ziele dieses Projekts sowie seine zeitliche Entwicklung dargelegt.
Weiterhin werden die nutzbaren Benchmark-Services SMDS/CBDS, Frame Relay, CBR circuit
emulation und Experimental Virtual Path Bearer Service kurz erl„utert, bevor auf die
Netzwerkstruktur eingegangen wird. Abschlieáend wird das Problem Netzwerkmanagement und
ein verwendetes Testprogramm vorgestellt.
Keywords: ATM; B-ISDN; Existing Network
S. Hori, K. Kaneshige, H. Saigo and H. Shinoda, "Frame Relay Protocols and Efforts
to Develop Application Techniques," NTT Review, Japan, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.
28-34, 1995.
Abstract: This article describes the features of frame relay protocols, the
higher layer protocols when frame relay is used as a wide-areanetwork and efforts under
way to establish techniques for usingthe frame relay network.
Keywords: Frame Relay; Protocol; User Interface
H. Yumiba, M. Nagasawa and T. Koinuma, "The Dawn of a New Computer Communications
Service - Frame Relay Sevice Meeting New Needs for High-Speed Data Communicationss," NTT
Review, Japan, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21-23, 1995.
Abstract: This article presents an overview of frame relay service, and
describes the technologies for constructing frame relay systems, the communications
protocols involved and applications technologies, among other aspects.
Keywords: Communication; Frame Relay; High Speed
D. W. Petr, V. S. Frost, L. A. Neir, A. Demirtjis and C. Braun, "Simulation
Comparison of Broadband Networking Technologies," Simulation, vol. 64,1, pp.
42-50, 1995.
Abstract: This paper describes a simulation study comparing delay and throughput
performance of several access/backbone combinations of Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM), and IEEE 802.6 broadband networking technologies. The comparisons are made
using similar Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) configurations supporting integrated traffic
from voice, video, data and image sources. Results include complete distributions for
network and end-end del
Keywords: Atm; broadband; dqdb; frame relay
D. W. Petr, V. S. Frost, L. A. Neir, A. Demirtjis and C. Braun, "Methodology and
Results of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Network Payload Jitter Simulation," Simulation,
vol. 64,1, pp. 34-41, 1995.
Abstract: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) network implementations indicate that the jitter on the transported data exceeds
desirable values in some situations. Previous researchers have written high level
behavioral simulation models to study the sources and the characteristics of this jitter.
These behavioral simulation models have fast run times but do not accurately model the
jitter sources. Thes models' samplin
Keywords: Atm; broadband; dqdb; frame relay
John Holdsworth and John Symes, "Closing the billing gap," Telecommunications,
vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 59--62, Jan. 1996.
Abstract: Competition and new technologies such as frame relay and ATM bring
data and telephony billing into line.
Keywords: billing; usage-based charging
Alberto Zanettin, "Transporting Voice over Packet Networks," Telecommunications,
pp. 30--34, Apr. 1996.
Abstract: There is a clear operational and financial case to be made for the use
of data networks for voice transport.
Keywords: packet voice; frame relay; Internet; ATM
Sudhir Dixit and Stuart Elby, "Frame Relay and
ATM Interworking," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp.
64--83, Jun. 1996.
Abstract: Frame relay has proven to be a very successful wide area networking
service, and ATM is gaining momentum in the industry to become the preferred common
backbone technology for supporting a wide variety of network services, including native
ATM cell relay service and frame relay service. In the years ahead, ATM is poised to
become the dominant networking technology. Since frame relay and cell relay services will
coexist for a long time to come, it is imperative that the network and service
interworking specifications be defined and implemented. This article focuses on the topic
of frame relay and ATM cell relay service and network interworking. The authors provide
the rationale, the standards-based methodology, the major open issues, and a likely
evolution scenario for the interworking of frame relay and ATM cell relay networks and
services.
Keywords: Frame Relay; ATM Interworking; asynchronous transfer mode; cell
Henry J. Fowler and James W. Murphy, "Network
Management Considerations for Interworking ATM Networks with Non-ATM Services," IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 102--109, Jun. 1996.
Abstract: Rapid progress has been made on standards and implementation
agreements for interworking ATM networks with frame relay, DS1/DS3 circuits, and SMDS.
This article examines ATM network management issues in these interworking environments,
with an emphasis on how each interworking environment has unique requirements for network
management.
Keywords: Network Management; Interworking; ATM Networks; Non-ATM; frame relay;
SMDS; DS1; DS3
Gary C. Kessler and Peter V. Southwick, "ISDN: concepts, facilities and
services," New York, New York, 1997.
Keywords: ISDN; ATM; SMDS; frame relay; Internet
IP Multicast Initiative (IPMI), "Implementing IP
Multicast in Different Network Infrastructures," {IP Multicast Initiative
(IPMI)}, Campbell, CA, Apr. 1997.
Abstract: There are a number of underlying network infrastructures over which
TCP/IP networks can be overlaid. These can be categorized into three classifications: 1.
Backbone WAN infrastructures 2. Campus and Premise LAN infrastructures 3. Last mile
switched WAN connections Backbone WAN infrastructures include satellite, frame relay,
SMDS, ATM and the Internet. Campus and premise LAN infrastructures include both shared
LANs and switched LANs. Last mile switched WAN connections include dial-up modem and ISDN.
These different network infrastructures accommodate IP Multicast support with differing
amounts of ease. For each, this document provides a description of the service, including
any special mechanisms for enabling IP Multicast, and network engineering considerations.
Keywords: IP multicast; routing; tutorial
Ross Kocen and Ted Hatala, "Voice over Frame
Relay Implementation Agreement," Frame Relay Forum, Foster City, California, no.
FRF.11, Jan. 1997.
Abstract: This specification extends frame relay application support to include
the transport of digital voice samples. Frame formats and procedures required for voice
transport are described. This specification addresses the following requirements:
transport of compressed voice within the payload of a frame relay frame; support of a
diverse set of voice compression algorithms; effective utilization of low-bit rate frame
relay connections; multiplex up to 255 voice sub-sub-channels on a single frame relay
DLCI; support multiple voice samples on the same or different sub-channel within a single
frame; support data sub channels on a multiplexed frame relay DLCI. Transport of
compressed voice is provided with a generalized frame format that supports multiplexing of
sub-channels on a single frame relay DLCI. Support for the unique needs of the different
voice compression algorithms are accomodated with algorithm-specific 'transfer syntax'
definitions. These definitions establish algorithm specific frame formats and procedures.
Annexes describing different transfer syntax definitions are found at the end of this
document. Transport of supporting information for voice communication, such as signalling,
indications (e.g., ABCD bits), dialed digits, and facsimile data, is also provided through
the use of transfer syntax definitions specific to the information being sent.
Keywords: frame relay; packet voice
Rohit Goyal, Raj Jain, Shiv Kalyanaraman, Sonia Fahmy and Seong-Cheol Kim,
"UBR+:Improving Performance of TCP over ATM-UBR service," in First IEEE
Enterprise Networking Mini-Conference (ENM-97) in conjunction with the ICC-97, (Palais
des Congrés, Montréal, Québec, Canada), Jun. 1997.
Klaus-J’rgen Schulz, Marco Incollingo and Hans K. Uhrig, "Taking Advantage of ATM
Services and Tariffs: The Importance of Transport Layer Dynamic Rate Adaptation,"
IEEE Network, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 10--17, Mar. 1997.
Abstract: Modern network services provided by frame relay (FR) or asynchronous
transfer mode (ATM) networks show a wide variety of service characteristics and related
quality of service, which amounts to a tremendous diversity of tariff structures. One of
the network provider's objectives is to maximize the chargeable utilization of the
network. This is intended to be achieved by a traffic contract on a per-connection basis.
The network service user's interest is, of course, to minimize the cost for usage of the
service. This can be achieved by traffic-contract-conformant behavior. In order to avoid
(chargeable) injection of data that will be lost due to congestion in the network, the
user has to adapt to the congestion state of the network by interpreting the congestion
information provided by the network service. If the network user is logically mapped to
the lowest end-to-end layer (i.e., the transport layer), the adaptive behavior has to be
realized by adaptive rate control in this layer. This article analyzes the upcoming
network services and their tariffs, demonstrates the advantage of rate control by a
congestion avoidance algorithm, and the applicability of this concept to the telemetry and
scientific data distribution applications of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Ulrich Schoen, Jan Hamann, Alfred Jugell, Hendrik Kurzawa and Christian Schmidt, "Convergence between public switching and the Internet.,"
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 50-65, Jan. 1998.
Abstract: In recent years the internet has developed into a global data network
that is highly accepted as a multimedia information platform which has the potential to
develop into an alternative carrier network in the future. Telecom operators increasingly
act as Internet service providers to maximize network utilization, to attract or retain
customers, and to generate additional revenue. To leverage their installed base in the
PSTN/ISDN the optimal strategy for telco ISPs is the integration of their point of
presence into the central office: packetizing and grooming of IP traffic in the local
office relieves load on the PSTN/ISDN trunk network, resolves existing bottlenecks due to
Internet traffic upstream of the CO, and creates new opportunities for revenue-generating
features for both telephony and Internet subscribers. This articles intends to show that
current telecommunication network elements can be upgraded with innovate cutting-edge
technology to build a solid basis for a seamless multimedia network of tomorrow, thereby
enabling telecom operators' and service providers' tremendous investment in existing
network infrastructure to be fully utilized. An integrated Internet services platform is
presented which turns the CO switch into an optimized link between the PSTN/ISDN and the
Internet. Technically, it is proposed that the central office be expanded with an
integrated Internet PoP(IPOP) configured from the following IP components: an internal
high-speed data backbone(ATM or Ethernet); modem pools to terminate dial-in calls from
analog modems using the PPP protocol; protocol handlers for UDP, TCP, IP, and lower-layer
data protocols(X.25, frame relay, SMDS, etc.); access to data networks; IP router, RADIUS
server, and name server database; a contents server(optionally), enabling telco ISPs to
become content providers. This effectively turns the CO into an Internet access point that
integrates smoothly into the existing telco OA&M/TMN. Investment in additional
hardware is minimized, and the existing subscriber line and network infrastructure is
completely reused. The IP functions integrated in the IPOP can interwork closely with
PSTN/ISDN call processing. This is a prerequisite for the creation of new
revenue-generating features such as supplementary PSTN/ISDN services for Internet calls,
voice over IP, IP-activated dialing, and value-added Internet services (on-screen
call-waiting indication, near-real-time bill viewing, etc.) As the demand for
high-bandwidth subscriber access increases, existing line concentrators can be upgraded
with wideband line cards. High-bandwidth IP traffic may be groomed in the concentrator and
multiplexed directly on the high-speed(ATM, Ethernet) backbone network. The great benefit
of an integrated approach is that the evolution from lower to higher bandwidth is smooth
and as the market requires, thus guaranteeing the balance between necessary investment and
revenue. This integrated approach is illustrated in this article by means of a concrete
example using a state-of-the-art CO switch.
Subra Dravida, Hong Jiang, Murali Kodialam, Behrokh Samadi and Yufei Wang, "Narrowband and Broadband
Infrastructure Design for Wireless Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 72--78, May 1998.
Abstract: There has been an explosion in the number of wireless subscribers in
recent years. Currently a number of air interface technologies, such as GSM, TDMA, and
CDMA, are available to wireless service providers for offering wireless services. In
addition, a variety of networking technologies, such as STM, ATM and frame relay, are
available to the wireless services provider for designing their infrastructure networks.
The abundant choice of technologies, and their associated capabilities and costs, creates
a need for network design tools which can help vendors and wireless service providers to
understand the economics of investing in different technologies. This article is concerned
with the design of narrowband and broadband infrastructure networks for wireless access.
The article first describes the different technology alternatives and tariff structures
and their impact on wireless infrastructure network design. The general infrastructure
design problem is then stated and a solution methodology outlined. Examples of the
economic trade-offs involved in narrowband and broadband networking technologies are also
presented.
Sudhir S. Dixit and Sharad Kumar, "Traffic Descriptor Mapping and Traffic
Control for Frame Relay Over ATM Network," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,
vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 56-70, Feb. 1998.
Abstract: Frame relay (FR) service via an FR interface over a common
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) backbone network requires an FR-to-ATM interworking unit
(IWU), the functionality of which directly impacts the engineering of the overall network
in terms of the capacity required, quality of service (QoS) expected, and the interference
among differenty types of services being offered on the same platform. In the absence of a
traffic shaping function in the equipment at the customer's location, the issue of
policing and bandwidth allocation becomes much more critical. This paper focuses on the
issue of FR traffic descriptor mapping, the issue of traffic policing in the frame mode
and the cell mode, and the implication of the QoS when the same bandwidth resources are
shared by the ATM [cell relay (CR)] and FR virtual connections. Some major conclusions
that we draw from the computer simulations are: 1) the performance is somewhat independent
of the mode in which traffic policing is implemented; 2) from a cost standpoint it is more
advantageous to use the cell mode for traffic policing; 3) the allocation of bandwidth in
the multiplexer and the switching fabric is greatly dependent on the type of service
interface used since the FR traffic becomes much burstier after frame-to-cell conversion
process; and 4) it becomes necessary to provide a traffic shaping function after the
conversion process in order to achieve high bandwidth utilization, fair allocation of
bandwidth resources, and guaranteed QoS.
Keywords: ATM; cell relay; frame relay; quality of service; traffic management
Robert Rosenberg, "Hard to
beat -- ATM is the carrier's silver bullet," America's Network, May 1998.
Abstract: Data communications will vastly exceed the voice market in terms of
bit bandwidth on the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most carriers will be
forced to use asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based networks to handle the complexity of
mixing of data and voice sources and merging them onto a protocol that can be expanded to
higher speeds. ATM gives carriers the ability to handle the flood without having to revamp
their entire network in the interim, and ATM is the only protocol that has these
characteristics. Gigabit Ethernet and frame relay are not ready to deal with the total
traffic growth.
Keywords: traffic growth; ATM; voice; VoIP
Mitel, "Voice
over Data Networks: Frame Relay, ATM, and IP," Mitel, Kanata, Ontario, Nov. 1998.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to clarify what is meant by voice over
data networks convergence, the different technology approaches, and potential benefits.
The intent is to assist Mitel customers in understanding what is feasible in the near term
vs. in the future, and to plan their implementations accordingly.
Keywords: VoIP; IP telephony; packet voice; ATM; frame relay; QOS
T. Bradley and C. Brown, "Inverse
Address Resolution Protocol," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 1293, Jan.
1992.
Abstract: This memo describes additions to ARP that will allow a station to
request a protocol address corresponding to a given hardware address. Specifically, this
applies to Frame Relay stations that may have a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI),
the Frame Relay equivalent of a hardware address, associated with an established Permanent
Virtual Circuit (PVC), but do not know the protocol address of the station on the other
side of this connection. It will also apply to other networks with similar circumstances.
T. Bradley, C. Brown and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay,"
Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 1294, Jan. 1992.
Abstract: This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network
interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects of both Bridging and
Routing. Systems with the ability to transfer both this encapsulation method, and others
must have a priori knowledge of which virtual circuits will carry which encapsulation
method and this encapsulation must only be used over virtual circuits that have been
explicitly configured for its use.
C. Brown, F. Baker and C. Carvalho, "Management Information Base for Frame Relay
DTEs," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 1315, Apr. 1992.
Abstract: This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular, it
defines objects for managing Frame Relay.
T. Bradley, C. Brown and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay,"
Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 1490, Jul. 1993.
Abstract: This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network
interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects of both Bridging and
Routing. Additionally, it describes a simple fragmentation procedure for carrying large
frames over a frame relay network with a smaller MTU. Systems with the ability to transfer
both the encapsulation method described in this document, and others must have a priori
knowledge of which virtual circuits will carry which encapsulation method and this
encapsulation must only be used over virtual circuits that have been explicitly configured
for its use.
O. deSouza and M. Rodrigues, "Guidelines
for Running OSPF Over Frame Relay Networks," Internet Engineering Task Force, no.
1586, Mar. 1994.
Abstract: This memo specifies guidelines for implementors and users of the Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol to bring about improvements in how the
protocol runs over frame relay networks. We show how to configure frame relay interfaces
in a way that obviates the "full-mesh" connectivity required by current OSPF
implementations. This allows for simpler, more economic network designs. These guidelines
do not require any protocol changes; they only provide recommendations for how OSPF should
be implemented and configured to use frame relay networks efficiently.}
T. Brown and Editor, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service," Internet Engineering Task Force, no.
1596, Mar. 1994.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension to the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular,
it defines objects for managing the Frame Relay Service.
T. Brown and Editor, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service," Internet Engineering Task Force, no.
1604, Mar. 1994.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension to the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular,
it defines objects for managing the Frame Relay Service.
W. Simpson, "PPP in Frame Relay,"
Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 1973, Jun. 1996.
Abstract: The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for
transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. This document describes
the use of Frame Relay for framing PPP encapsulated packets. This RFC is the product of
the Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions Working Group of the IETF.
C. Brown and F. Baker, "Management
Information Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2," Internet Engineering Task
Force, no. 2115, Sep. 1997.
Abstract: This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular, it
defines objects for managing Frame Relay interfaces on DTEs.
B. Jamoussi, D. Jamieson, D. Williston and S. Gabe, "Nortel's Virtual Network Switching (VNS)
Overview," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2340, May 1998.
Abstract: VNS is a multi-protocol switching architecture that provides
COS-sensitive packet switching, reduces the complexity of operating protocols like PPP and
frame relay, provides logical networks and traffic segregation for Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs), security and traffic engineering, enables efficient WAN broadcasting and
multicasting, and reduces address space requirements. VNS reduces the number of routing
hops over the WAN by switching packets based on labels.
T. Bradley, C. Brown and A. Malis, "Inverse Address Resolution Protocol,"
Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2390, Aug. 1998.
Abstract: This memo describes additions to ARP that will allow a station to
request a protocol address corresponding to a given hardware address. Specifically, this
applies to Frame Relay stations that may have a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI),
the Frame Relay equivalent of a hardware address, associated with an established Permanent
Virtual Circuit (PVC), but do not know the protocol address of the station on the other
side of this connection. It will also apply to other networks with similar circumstances.
C. Brown and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol
Interconnect over Frame Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2427, Sep.
1998.
Abstract: This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network
interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects of both Bridging and
Routing.
G. Armitage, P. Schulter, M. Jork and G. Harter, "IPv6 over Non-Broadcast Multiple Access
(NBMA) networks," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2491, Jan. 1999.
Abstract: This document describes a general architecture for IPv6 over NBMA
networks. It forms the basis for subsidiary companion documents that describe details for
various specific NBMA technologies (such as ATM or Frame Relay). The IPv6 over NBMA
architecture allows conventional host-side operation of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
protocol, while also supporting the establishment of 'shortcut' NBMA forwarding paths when
dynamically signaled NBMA links are available. Operations over administratively configured
Point to Point NBMA links are also described. Dynamic NBMA shortcuts are achieved through
the use of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol operation within Logical Links, and
inter-router NHRP for the discovery of off-Link NBMA destinations. Both flow-triggered and
explicitly source-triggered shortcuts are supported.
A. Conta, A. Malis and M. Mueller, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Frame
Relay," Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2590, May 1999.
Abstract: This memo describes mechanisms for the transmission of IPv6 packets
over Frame Relay networks.
K. Rehbehn and D. Fowler, "Definitions
of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service," Internet Engineering Task Force, no.
2954, Oct. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines an extension to the Management Information Base
(MIB) for use with network management protocols in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol-based (TCP/IP) internets. In particular, it defines objects for managing the
frame relay service. This document is a product of the Frame Relay Service MIB Working
Group of the IETF.
K. Rehbehn, O. Nicklass and G. Mouradian, "Definitions of Managed Objects for
Monitoring and Controlling the Frame Relay/ATM PVC Service Interworking Function,"
Internet Engineering Task Force, no. 2955, Oct. 2000.
Abstract: This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) to configure,
monitor, and control a service interworking function (IWF) for Permanent Virtual
Connections (PVC) between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technologies.
This document is a product of the Frame Relay Service MIB Working Group of the IETF.
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