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Network and Internet Protocols

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General And Basic Networking Tutorial from CISCO

Section I: Understanding Networks — Layers and Protocols

Section II: Physical Layer Protocols

Section III: Data-Link Protocols

Section IV: Network and Transport Layer Protocols

Section V: Application Layer Protocols

Section VI: Network Hardware

Section VII: Network Software

Section VIII: Internetworking

Section IX: Network and Systems Management

Section X: Network Security and Backup Systems

 

General And Basic Networking Tutorials from other sources

New Listing: LAN Tutorial-- Includes The Purpose of LANs; LAN Terminology and Components; LAN Architecture; Ethernet LANs; Token-Passing LANs; LAN Networking Devices; LAN Management; and LAN Applications & Shared Resources. Highly detailed coverage here. Check it out! WAN Tutorial soon to come from this same source.

10 Gigabit Ethernet-- The next generation 10-Gigabit Ethernet Standard is currently under development and is expected to come out in the next few years. This paper highlights ongoing discussions regarding several aspects of 10-Gigabit Ethernet such as market requirements, implementation structures, layer interfaces, coding techniques, frame formats, media, devices, and etc.

ATM Introduction-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes ATM vs Phone Networks; ATM vs Data Networks; ATM Interfaces; Protocol Layers; Cell Header Format; Path vs Channels; VP/VC Assignment/Use; Original Classes of Traffic; AAL 5; AAL2; Physical Media; Service Categories; ABR vs UBR for TCP/IP; Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR).

ATM Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes ATM; ATM vs Phone Networks; ATM vs Data Networks; ATM Interfaces; Protocol Layers; Virtual Circuit Switching; Cell Header Format; Header Error Check (HEC); Payload Type Field Coding; Path vs Channels; VP/VC Assignment/Use; Original Classes of Traffic; AAL 5; AAL2; Cell-Stream Phy; SONET; Signal Hierarchy; STS-3c Frame Format; SONET/SDH Phy; SONET STS-3c.

ATM Resource Page-- All the information you need on ATM: Primers and tutorials; Megasites and links; Standards; Vendors and products; Case studies; Publications and newsletters; Forums and newsgroups; Network World articles on ATM.

ATM Signalling-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

ATM Traffic Management and LAN Emulation-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Traffic Mgmt Functions; Service Categories; ABR: Binary Rate-based Scheme; The Explicit Rate Scheme; LAN Emulation; Features; Operation; Flush Protocol; LANE v2.0; ATM Virtual LANs.

Buying a LAN-- Buying and installing a LAN is not simple. A network is more complicated than choosing, installing, and maintaining a minicomputer or mainframe, simply because so many combinations of hardware and software exist. This tutorial addresses the questions that should be asked (and answered) before buying a LAN.

Computer Networking - An Introduction-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Convergence Resource Page-- Includes Overviews and primers; Newsletters and other online publications; Legal and public policy issues; Standards; Vendors and products; Case studies; Conferences; Forums and discussions; Training; Network World articles on convergence.

Data Link Control-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Flow Control; Stop and Wait Flow Control; Utilization: Examples; Sliding Window Protocols; Effect of Window Size; Piggybacking; Error Detection; Parity Checks; Check Digit Method; Modulo 2 Arithmetic; Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC); Modulo 2 Division; Checking At The Receiver; Polynomial Representation; Popular CRC Polynomials; Error Control; Stop-and-Wait ARQ; Performance: Stop-and-Wait; Go-back-N; Performance: Go-back-N; Selective-Reject ARQ; Selective Reject: Window Size; Performance: Selective Reject; Performance Comparison; HDLC; HDLC Frame Structure; Bit Stuffing; HDLC Commands and Responses; Examples of HDLC Operation.

Data Transmission, Transmission Media, and Data Encoding-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Analog vs Digital; Frequency, Period, and Phase; Time Domain vs Frequency Domain; Data Rate vs Bandwidth; Data vs Signal; Attenuation and Dispersion (Delay Distortion); Decibels; Channel Capacity; Shannon's Theorem; Transmission Media; Twisted Pair; Coaxial Cable; Optical Fiber; Coding Terminology; Coding Design.

DNS Resource Page-- All the information you need on the Domain Name System and services. Primers and tutorials; Internet domain name issues; Standards; Services and tools; Look up a domain name; Newsgroups; Network World articles on DNS.

DSL Resource Page-- All the information you need to get up to speed on DSL technologies and services.  DSL search engine; DSL lookup; FAQ; Overviews; Tutorials; Major aggregate sites of DSL resources; Vendors; ADSL; SDSL; HDSL; Voice over DSL; Case studies; Newsletters; Newsgroups and forums; Conferences and Other related links.

Educators Guide to School Networks Tutorial-- Includes Overview; Protocol; Hardware; Cabling; Topology; Software; Game; Glossary; References; and Credits.

Evolution Toward Third Generation Wireless Networks-- The explosive growth of the Internet is expected to produce a tremendous increase in the demand for wireless multimedia services. First and second generation wireless networks have proven capable of providing voice and low-rate data services; however, their current air interfaces are inadequate for satisfying the higher data rates that have been specified by the ITU for IMT-2000. In order to satisfy so-called third generation requirements, GSM networks will evolve to GPRS/EDGE technology and ultimately utilize a new air interface based on wideband CDMA. IS-136 networks will migrate to 136+ and later provide higher data rates through 136HS. Finally, cdma2000 will provide the migration path for existing IS-95 networks based on code division multiple access.

FDDI Tutorials-- Includes Primers and tutorials; FDDI overview from Cisco; FDDI FAQs; and Other topics.

Frame Relay-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Frame Relay Congestion Control-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Frame Relay Tutorial-- "Frame Relay is a simplified form of Packet Switching similar in principle to X.25 in which synchronous frames of data are routed to different destinations depending on header information. The biggest difference between Frame Relay and X.25 is that X.25 guarantees data integrity and network managed flow control at the cost of some network delays. Frame Relay switches packets end to end much  faster, but there is no guarantee of data integrity at all."

Frame Relay Resource Page-- All the information you need on frame relay, including Frame relay search engine; Primers and tutorials; Megasites and links; SNA; Standards; Voice over frame relay; Selected vendors; Case studies; Newsletters; Forums and newsgroups; and Network World articles on frame relay.

Fundamentals of Telecommunication-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Gigabit Ethernet Resource Page-- Includes Primers and tutorials; Migrating to Gigabit Ethernet; Reviews of Gigabit gear; 10-Gigabit Ethernet; and Gigabit Ethernet news.

Global Next Generation Internet Initiatives-- Next generation Internet Initiatives are the research activities going on around the world towards developing the current Internet in terms of service and speed and launching a entirely new range of applications which will make use of these new opportunities, bringing wealth and knowledge to the entire world. This report surveys the research activities of global research networks working towards the development of the new services and applications. In this report second generation Internet initiatives like NGI, Internet2 and third generation Internet initiatives like SUPERNet and CANET3 have been described.

Groupware Resource Page-- Primers and tutorials; Products; Mailing lists; and News

H.323 and Associated Protocols-- H.323 is an ITU-T recommendation for multimedia conferencing over packet-based networks such as LANs and the Internet. H.323 is broad and comprehensive in its scope yet flexible and practical in its applicability. This report describes the components, protocols, and procedures in H.323; the challenges to the widespread adoption of H.323; the outlook for H.323 as a standard for multimedia conferencing; and key H.323 products and services.

H.323 Series Standard (A Primer)--  "The H.323 standard provides a foundation for audio, video, and data communications across IP-based networks, including the Internet. By complying to H.323, multimedia products and applications from multiple vendors can interoperate, allowing users to communicate without concern for compatibility. H.323 will be the keystone for LAN-based products for consumer, business, entertainment, and professional applications."

HDLC LAPB and NRM Level 2 protocols Tutorial-- "ISO's High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) uses the frame format described in our section: Asynchronous and Synchronous Communications. This standard corresponds to Layer 2 (the Data Link Layer) of the ISO 7-layered architecture. It is responsible for the error-free movement of data between network nodes. The job of the HDLC layer is to ensure that data passed up to the next layer has been received exactly as transmitted (i.e error free, without loss and in the correct order). Another important job is flow control, which ensures that data is transmitted only as fast as the receiver can receive it. There are two distinct HDLC implementations: HDLC NRM (see (SDLC) and HDLC Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB). Usually when referring to HDLC people mean LAPB or some variation. LAPB is a bit-oriented synchronous protocol that provides complete data transparency in a full-duplex point-to-point operation. It supports a peer-to-peer link in that neither end of the link plays the role of the permanent master station. HDLC NRM (also known as SDLC), on the other hand, has a permanent primary station with one or more secondary stations."

Home Networking-- This report discusses keypoints and overviews in related home networking literature. After introduction, five specific technologies (LAN, Phoneline, Powerline, Wireless and IrDA) are reviewed. Services and other issues are also discussed. Finally there is an overview of current market players.

In-building Wireless LAN-- Focuses on high speed wireless LAN architecture. The goal is to give a general introduction to the next generation of wireless LAN standard. Described here are Physical Layer and Media Access Layer of both IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN standards.

Introduction to Networking Protocols and Architecture-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Data Communication vs Networking; Distributed Systems vs Networks; Types of Networks; Protocol Layers; Design Issues for Layers; ISO/OSI Reference Model; Layering; Interfaces and Services; Protocol Data Unit (PDU); Service Data Unit (SDU); Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless; Types of Services; Service Primitives; TCP/IP Reference Model; OSI vs TCP Reference Models; Layered Packet Format.

Introduction to the Internet Protocols Tutorial-- from the Computer Science Facilities Group, RUTGERS, The State University of New Jersey. Includes What is TCP/IP?; General description of the TCP/IP protocols (1.The TCP level, 2.The IP level, 3.The Ethernet level); Well-known sockets and the applications layer; Protocols other than TCP: UDP and ICMP; Keeping track of names and information: the domain system; Routing; Details about Internet addresses: subnets and broadcasting; Datagram fragmentation and reassembly; Ethernet encapsulation: ARP; and Getting more information.

IP (Internet Protocol)-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Internetworking; Key Differences From OSI; Layering; Hierarchy; TCP/IP Protocols; Internetworking Terms; PDU’s in TCP/IP; Operation of TCP/IP; TCP/IP Applications; Internet Protocol (IP); IP Header; IP Address; Address Resolution Protocol; Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP); Autonomous Systems; Other Networking Protocols.

IP Over ATM-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

IP Over DWDM-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Stack Debates; SONET Functions; Multi-Layer Stack: Why?; Multi-layer Stack: Problems; IP Directly over DWDM: Why?; IP over DWDM Node; IP over DWDM: Issues; Virtual Topology Issue; IP over ATM: Lessons; Label Switching; Label Stacks; Label Stack Examples; Advantages of MPLS; IP over MPLS over DWDM; MPLS Control Plane: Today; MPLS Control Plane: Tomorrow; Optical Node Architecture.

IP Over SONET-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes What is SONET?; Changing Trends; SONET Protocols; Physical Components; Signal Hierarchy; Automatic Protection Switching; IP/PPP/SONET vs IP/ATM/SONET; Scrambling: Introduction; Scrambling; Payload Scrambling Issue; Scrambling: Solutions.

IP QoS Over ATM-- This is a survey paper on IP QoS over ATM. It describes the need for QoS in the Internet and the mechanisms of QoS provisioning in IP. ATM is briefly described with a view to highlight its inherent support for QoS. Then, mechanisms of providing IP QoS over an ATM network are considered. Also issues that arise in implementing the various IP QoS over ATM is considered.

IP Switching and Label Switching-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Routing vs Switching; IP Switching; Ipsilon's IP Switching: Issues; Tag Switching; MPLS; Label Stack Entry Format; Label Stacks.

IPv6: Next Generation of IP-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes IP Addresses; IP Address Format; How Many Addresses?; Address Size; IPv6 Addresses; Colon-Hex Notation; Initial IPv6 Prefix Allocation; Local-Use Addresses; Multicast Addresses; Header; Protocol and Header Types; IPv6 vs IPv4; Extension Headers; Routing Header; Provider Selection.

IPv6: Next Generation of IP-- This document provides a tutorial on the Internet Protocol version 6, also referred to as Internet Protocol next generation or as IPng and now usually designated IPv6. The intended audience is the manager familiar with information technology in general, but not necessarily a specialist in data communications. The tutorial covers the most important characteristics of IP in general and specifically of IPv6 and addresses the issues considered important to managers of computer and data communications systems and services. The level of technical detail presented is more limited than that which would be significant to those who must implement applications and systems software to comply with and utilize the new standards. Although some comparison between IPv6 and its predecessor, IPv4, is inevitable, a discussion of the transition issues and differences will be the subject of a different document.

ISDN-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Key Networking Concepts (A Review)-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes ISO/OSI Reference Model; TCP/IP Reference Model; Layered Packet Format; HDLC Frame Structure; Interconnection Devices; IEEE 802 Address Format; IP Addressing Example; IP Datagram Format; Address Resolution Protocol; TCP Header Format; Domain Name System.

LAN Systems: Ethernet, Token Rings, and FDDI-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes LAN Topologies; Media Access Control (MAC); CSMA/CD; Original Ethernet Configuration; 10BASE-T; Ethernet Standards; CSMA/CD Performance; Distance-B/W Principle; Ethernet vs Fast Ethernet; Full-Duplex Ethernet; IEEE 802 Address Format; Token Ring; Token Ring Priority Rules; Token Ring Performance; FDDI; Dual-Ring of Trees Topology; Timed Token Access; TRT; Priorities.

LLC and Bridges-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes IEEE 802; IEEE 802 Address Format; Frame Format; LLC Type 1; LLC Type 2, 3; LLC Multiplexing; SNAP SAP; Bridges; Bridge: Functions; Interconnection Devices; Data Encaptulation by Bridges; Bridges for Point-to-point links; Path Determination By Bridges; Spanning Tree: Terminology; Spanning Tree Algorithm; Spanning Tree Example; Source Routing; Route Discovery.

LMDS(Local Multipoint Distribution Service)-- This is a survey paper on LMDS. With a introduction on LMDS and then a discussion on fixed wireless networks, this paper looks into different ways fixed wireless communication can be achieved and then gives a brief description on the various broadbands available for communication. It also discusses technical and design issues involved with LMDS.

Networking Trends (1999)-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Technology Trends : Impact on R&D; Impact on Education; Convergence; Information Glut; and Networking Trends : Faster Media; More Traffic; Traffic > Capacity; ATM in Backbone; Everything over IP; Back to Routing From Switching; Traffic Engineering.

Optical DWDM Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Sparse and Dense WDM; Recent WDM Records; WDM Applications; Sample Products; Key Technologies; Directional Couplers; Types of Fibers; Attenuation and Dispersion; Dispersion Shifted Fiber; Dispersion Flattened Fiber; Four-way Mixing (FWM); Dispersion Optimized Fiber; Dispersion Compensating Fiber; Polarization Mode Dispersion; Plastic Fiber; Hard Polymer Clad Silica Fiber; Amplifiers; Upcoming Technologies; Broadcast and Select Networks; Centralized WDM Switch; Wavelength Router; Wavelength Routed Networks; Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM); OTDM Implementation; Solitons.

Optical Networking and DWDM-- This paper deals with the twin concepts of optical networking and dense wavelength division multiplexing. Also covered are various optical network architectures and various components of an all-optical network like Optical Amplifiers, Optical Add/Drop Multiplexors, Optical Splitters etc. Important optical networking concepts like wavelength routing and wavelength conversion are explained in detail. In conclusion, this paper deals with industry-related issues like the gap between research and the industry, current and projected market for optical networking & DWDM equipment and future direction of research in this field.

Packet Switching-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Routing; Routing Techniques Elements; Distance Vector vs Link State; Dijkstra’s Algorithm; Bellman-Ford Algorithm; Flooding; ARPAnet Routing.

PNNI - Routing in ATM Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Point-to-Point Protocol FAQ-- "This document contains information about the Internet Point-to-Point Protocol, including a bibliography, a list of public domain and commercial software and hardware implementations, a section on configuration hints and a list of frequently asked questions and answers on them.  It should be read by anybody interested in connecting to Internet via serial lines, and by anybody wanting to post to comp.protocols.ppp (before he/she does it!)"

QoS In Data Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes QoS Components; ATM QoS; ATM QoS: Issues; Integrated Services; Problems with IntServ+RSVP; Trend: Differentiation Not Integration; Expedited Forwarding; Assured Forwarding; Problems with DiffServ; MPLS Mechanisms for QoS; Bandwidth Broker; IEEE 802.1D Model; End-to-end View; Additional Mechanisms.

Quality of Service in Data Networks: Products-- IP only provides best-effort service. This paper highlights the importance of quality of service (QOS) in data networks and reviews four important standards for providing quality of service; ATM, IntServ, DiffServ, and MPLS. The paper then compares ten contemporary products in terms of how they provide quality of service.

QoS in Data Networks: Protocols and Standards-- This paper intends to provide a overview of past, current and evolving standards and protocols in the area of Quality of Service over computer networks.

QoS/Policy/Constraint Based Routing-- Covers the concept of Quality-of-Service and its background, the concepts of QoS-based routing, its objectives and main issues. Several types of QoS based routing algorithms are compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of each type discussed. Also discusses the relations between QoS based routing and some relevant techniques, including traffic engineering, high level admission control, resource reservation protocols(e.g. RSVP), differential services (DiffServ) and MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching). In conclusion, a related topic -- policy-based routing -- is examined.

Residential Broadband: Cable Modesm and ADSL-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Potential Applications; Residential Access Networks; Why Modems are Low Speed?; 56 kbps Modems; DSL Technologies; HDSL; ADSL; Why Asymmetric?; VDSL; CATV Distribution Systems; Hybrid Fiber-Coax; Cable Modems; DOCSIS; IEEE 802.14; Other Standards; Fiber to the Curb (FTTC); Fiber to the Home (FTTH); Comparison of RANs; ADSL Vs Cable Modems; Satellites for Data; Wireless Local Loop.

Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks-- The routing protocols meant for wired networks can not be used for mobile ad hoc networks because of the mobility of networks. The ad hoc routing protocols can be divided into two classes:- table-driven and on-demand. This paper discusses routing protocols belonging to each category.

Routing Protocols-- A wide variety of routing protocols can be found on enterprisewide networks today. Some are proprietary, or single-vendor, solutions developed specifically for use with a vendor’s own products. Others are “open” in that they have been standardized by official sanctioning agencies.  This tutorial covers both types of protocols and routing algorithms.

RS232, RS422, and V.35 Interfaces Tutorial-- Excellent coverage, with detailed graphics.

SDLC Protocol Tutorial-- "SDLC was invented by IBM to replace the older Bisynchronous protocol for wide area connections between IBM equipment. A variation of the ISO HDLC protocol called HDLC Normal Response Mode (NRM) is essentially the same as SDLC. SDLC is not a peer to peer protocol like HDLC, Frame Relay or X.25. An SDLC network is made up of a primary station that controls all communications, and one or more secondary stations. Where multiple secondaries are connected to a single primary, this is known as a multipoint or multidrop network."

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Tutorial-- by David Greenfield. "Network managers getting ready to roll out IP telephony networks had better think twice about the gear they’re going to deploy. A new IETF protocol may change the way next-generation phone networks are built. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), would provide the underlying mechanisms for establishing calls between users on an IP telephony network."

SONET-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

SS7 Tutorial-- "Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (i.e., SS7 or C7) is a global standard for telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). The standard defines the procedures and protocol by which network elements in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network to effect wireless (cellular) and wireline call setup, routing and control. The ITU definition of SS7 allows for national variants such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) standards used in North America and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard used in Europe."

Synchronous and Asynchronous Line Communication Tutorial-- "Serial communication normally consists of transmitting binary data across an electrical or optical link such as RS232 or V.35. The data, being binary, is usually represented by two physical states. For example, +5v may represent 1 and -5v represent 0. The accurate decoding of the data at the remote end is dependent on the sender and receiver maintaining synchronization during decoding. The receiver must sample the signal in phase with the sender. If the sender and receiver were both supplied by exactly the same clock source, then transmission could take place forever with the assurance that signal sampling at the receiver was always in perfect synchronization with the transmitter. This is seldom the case, so in practice the receiver is periodically brought into synch. with the transmitter. It is left to the internal clocking accuracy of the transmitter and receiver to maintain sampling integrity between synchronization pulses."

TCP/IP and IPX Routing Protocol Tutorial, with examples-- Also available as a .pdf file. This tutorial is intended to supply enough information to set up a relatively simple WAN or Internet-connected LAN using WANPIPE™ router cards or other routers. Explanations of IP addresses, classes, netmasks, subnetting, and routing are provided, and several example networks are considered. Example address and routing configurations are provided for running WANPIPE™    router cards under the following protocol stacks and platforms: Unix and Linux., Microsoft TCP/IP on Windows NT Workstation/Server and Windows 95, and others. A basic explanation of  IPX routing is also included. All brand names and product names are trademarks of their respective companies.

TCP Extensions for Wireless Networks-- Traditional transport protocols (like TCP) are tuned to perform well in wired networks where the packet losses are mainly due to congestion. Wireless networks are characterized by losses due to transmission errors and handoffs. TCP interprets these losses as congestion and invokes congestion control mechanisms resulting in degradation of performance. This paper discusses proposed schemes to improve performance of TCP in wireless networks. Proposed schemes for satellite networks are also discussed.

Telecommunications Technology Resources Page-- Excellent. Includes links to tutorials and resources on Basics; LANS; The Internet; Frame Relay; ATM; SMDS; LMDS; DSL; Cable Modems; International Telephony; SONET; Wireless; Spread Spectrum; TCP/IP; Satellite; PCS; HDTV; Fiber Optic; History; Books & Magazines.

Terabit Switches and Routers-- Just a few years back, no one would have thought that internet traffic will increase at such a rapid
rate that even gigabit capacity routers in the backbone will be insufficient to handle it. Today, routers with terabit switching capacities have become an essential requirement of the core backbone networks and gigabit routers find their place at the mid-core or even the edge. This survey paper explains the issues in designing terabit routers and the solutions for them. It also discusses about some of the key products in this area.

Traffic Shaping in ATM Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Transport Protocols (TCP and UDP)-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes TCP Header Format; TCP Options; TCP Checksum; TCP Service Requests; TCP Service Responses; TCP Mechanisms; Data Transfer; Implementation Policies (Choices); Slow Start Flow Control; Fast Retransmit and Recovery; User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Video Compression MPEG-4 and Beyond-- Technological developments in the networking technology and the computers make use of video possible. Storing and transmitting uncompressed raw video is not a good idea because it requires large storage space and bandwidth. Special algorithms which take the characteristics of the video into account can compress the video with high compression ratio. This paper gives an overview of the standardization efforts on video compression: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and   briefly explains the current video compression trends.

Virtual Private Networks-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Types of VPNs; When to VPN?; VPN Design Issues; Security 101; Secret Key Encryption; Public Key Encryption; Confidentiality; Firewall: Bastion Host; Proxy Servers; VPN Security Issues; Private Addresses; Address Translation; Tunnel; VPN Tunneling Protocols; GRE; PPTP; L2TP; IPSec; Application Level Security.

Voice Over ATM-- This document gives an overview of Voice Over ATM/Voice Telephony Over ATM (VTOA). It concentrates on various design considerations that need to be addressed while setting up a voice supporting ATM network. It discusses the standards that are getting evolved thanks to the works of ATM Forum. The document ends with brief description of some of the products currently available for VTOA.

Voice Over IP (VOIP)-- from Prof. Raj Jain. Includes Scenario 1: PC to PC; Scenario 2: PC to Phone; Scenario 3: Phone to Phone; Sample Products; Sample Services; Technical Issues; Other Issues; Telephony/Conferencing Systems; Conferencing Standards; H.323 Protocols; H.323 Components; H.323 Gatekeepers; Session Initiation Protocol (SIP); Locating using SIP; Media Gateway Control Protocol; MGCP Commands.

Voice over IP: Products, Services and Issues-- Once you are aware of the benefits and applications of Voice over IP, it is too good to resist. Perhaps that is why vendors are flooding the market with VOIP products and services.  This paper analyzes the various issues in the evolving VOIP technology and the challenges in the development of VOIP products. It then presents the features of a few VOIP Products offered by the leaders in this field, how well they handle the issues and some services currently available.

Voice over IP : Protocols and Standards-- This paper first discusses the key issues that inhibit Voice over IP (VOIP) from being popular with users. Also covered are existing protocols and standards  required for interoperation with VOIP products from different vendors. The main focus is on H.323 and SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), which are the signaling protocols. Finally, some hardware standards for internet telephonyare discussed.

Web Distribution Systems : Caching and Replication-- This document  gives an overview of the current  caching and replication terminology. It describes the current protocols and is a starting point for anyone interested in the subject. It starts by describing various caching and replication systems and then moves onto a brief description of most of the relevant protocols. It finishes by giving a brief product description of some of the products available in the market.

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Tutorial-- Wireless application protocol (WAP) is an application environment and set of communication protocols for wireless devices designed to enable manufacturer-, vendor-, and technology-independent access to the Internet and advanced telephony services.   Positioned at a high level, this tutorial serves as an introduction to WAP, explaining its basic concept, benefits, architecture, and future.

Wireless Data Networking-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

Wireless Mobile Telephony-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

X.25-- from Prof. Raj Jain.

X.25 Packet Switching-- "X.25 Packet Switched networks allow remote devices to communicate with each other across high speed digital links without the expense of individual leased lines. Packet Switching is a technique whereby the network routes individual packets of HDLC data between different destinations based on addressing within each packet."

XML Resources and Tutorials Site-- "Several introductory and tutorial articles on the Extensible Markup Language (XML) are
referenced in the shorter XML Introduction document. Most articles are accessible online. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is descriptively identified as "an extremely simple dialect [or 'subset'] of SGML" the goal of which "is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML," for which reason "XML has been designed for ease of implementation, and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML." Note that the "HTML" referenced in the preceding sentence (bis) means HTML 4.0 and 3.2 which were in common use as of 10-February-1998, when the XML 1.0 specification was published as a W3C Recommendation. The next version of 'HTML' is expected to be reformulated as an XML application, so that it will be based upon XML rather than upon SGML. As of December 1998, 'Voyager' was the W3C code name for HTML reformulated as an application of XML."

Network Management Tutorials and Primers

Caching Resource Page-- Includes Primers and tutorials; Product information; Reviews and commentary; Case studies; and Forums.

Cryptography Resource Page-- Includes Primers and tutorials; Publications; Policy issues; DES; Public Key Infrastructure and certification; Vendors and products; Forums; Other sites of interest.

Denial of Service Resource Page-- Includes Distributed DoS attacks; SYN, Ping of Death and related attacks; Preventing and responding to DoS; Discuss the topic; Newsletters; and the Latest DoS news.

Directories Resource Page-- Primers and tutorials; Active Directory; DEN; LDAP; Meta directories; NDS; DirXML; Newsletter on Directories.

Electronic Commerce-- Primers and tutorials; Publications, newsletters; Vendors; E-commerce standards; Government; Other sites of interest; News: Network World articles on e-commerce.

ISP Resource Page-- All the information you need to select and manage a relationship with an ISP, including How to select an ISP; ISP ratings and directories; Background resources; ISPs and SLAs; Organizations; Case studies; Publications and newsletters; Discussion forums.

Network Management Resource Page-- Includes Primers and tutorials; General network management resources; DHCP; LAN / desktop management; OpenView; Policy-based; RMON; SNMP; and Web-based management.

Understanding IP Addressing-- Internet address depletion is making subnetting a way of life for all network professionals. Yet many who enter the field find subnetting to be difficult to learn. This tutorial presents a clear and simplified explanation. 

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

IP Version 6 (IPv6) / Next Generation Internet (NGI)

Routing

E-Mail (POP, IMAP, SMTP, etc.)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

Telnet Protocol

Web RFCs

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)

DNS (Domain Name System)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)

NTP (Network Time Protocol)

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)

MPLS (Multi-protocol Label Switching)

IP Multicast

RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol)

diffserv (Differentiated Services)

IPSec (IP Security Protocol), Security, Encryption

IP over ATMIP over SONET, Packet over SONET (POS)

Voice Over IP (VOIP)

Multimedia Communications, Real-time Audio and Video, H323

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management)

IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange), Netware

AppleTalk

DECnet

XNS (Xerox Network Systems)

Banyan Vines

NETBIOS

APPC, APPN, SNA

DLS, DLSw (Data Link Switching)

VLANs (Virtual LANs)

Bridging

Trunking / Link Aggregation

Jini

The Internet is a global communications network that relies on packet switching. Internet Protocol (IP) is the protocol running Internet and many other computer networks like corporate LANs and intranets. It is the mostly widely used computer interconnection protocol. Internet adppressing is based on the IP.

 

General guides to IP

Tutorials

Reference pages

Organizations

System and network administration and security

Network information

    IP Network Index - An index relating IP network numbers to network names and identities, for class A, B and C networks

    Ketäon - extended whois search in Finnish

    VisualRoute - visual and integrated ping, whois, and traceroute program that automatically analyzes connectivity problems, displaying the results on a World map, commercial program, free demo available

    Whois Queries - check whic organization has which IP address from RIPE database, works for European hosts

Network measurement data

    Finnish Commercial Internet Exchange (FICIX) statistics - FICIX interconnects the IP network in Finland and provides some detailed traffic statistics

    The Internet Traffic Archive - a moderated repository to support widespread access to traces of Internet network traffic, the traces can be used to study network dynamics, usage characteristics, and growth patterns, as well as providing the grist for trace-driven simulations

    Trends in Wide Area IP Traffic Patterns - report results from a longitudinal analysis of the IP traffic workload seen at a single measurement site inside a major Internet traffic exchange point

Routing and packet forwarding technologies

Layer 3 switching

Protocols and services information