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Audit - Detect Network Intrusions | Biometrics and Security Biometrics 101 - The Basics "Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. From - The Biometrics Consortium http://www.biometrics.org Biometric Primers and Tutorials The Biometric White Paper An overview of biometrics and its methodologies and applications. Julian Ashbourn. Biometrics Overview An overview of the following technologies: finger scanning, face geometry, hand/finger geometry, iris recognition, signature verification, voice verification and keystroke dynamics. Biometric Group. The Face Recognition Page Features comprehensive links to research, commercial products and freeware, tutorials and Internet resources. Peter Kruizinga. Information Security Technical Report, Vol: 3, Issue: 1, 1998 A special issue on biometrics. Elsevier. Biometrics - links Links to companies, laboratories and university departments, organizations, software, publications and more. The Open Directory Project. Biometrics comes to life Fingers, hands, eyes, face, voice, all are in use and could relegate PIN-based security to history. ABA Banking Online. Comparison of Biometric Techniques The Biometric Consulting Group. Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues Xamax Consultancy. Review and evaluation of Biometric Techniques for Identification and Authentication - Final Report European Commission. International Biometric Industry Association Trade association designed to advance and advocate the collective international interests of the biometric industry. The site features an overview of the technology, news, industry analysis, bulletins and a newsletter. IBIA. International Biometric Group Offers industry news, market reports and analyses, biometrics consulting and benchmarking, and vendors list. IBG. The Biometric Consortium It serves as the U.S. Government focal point for research, development, test, evaluation, and application of biometric-based personal identification/verification technology. The site features examples, standards, research and government issues. |
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Biometric Standards Biometric API Biometric Forums and Newsgroups Forums and newsgroups Biometric General Topics Biometric University Biometric Publications EURO SECURITY Here are links to some leading Biometric Resources Fingerprint recognition USEFUL LINKS Air Force Automatic Identification Technology (AF AIT PMO) Asia Pacific Smart Card Association (APSCA) Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility Solutions (AIM) Association of Security Consultants Automatic Data Capture Association - Australia (ADCA) Biometric Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University CAST-Competence Center for Applied Security Technology Department of Defense Biometrics Management Office Department of Homeland Security dmoz - Open Directory Project:Biometrics Resources European Smart Card Industry Association (EuroSmart) Forensic & Biometrics Gateway at(WVU) West Virginia University Free Fingerprint Imaging Software Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System(IAFIS) International Biometric Industry Association International Card Manufacturers Association (ICMA) International Center for Disability Resources on the Internet NACHA - The Electronic Payments Association National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center National Science & Technology Council Interagency Working Group on Biometrics PITO - Police Information Technology Organisation UK Security Industry Association (SIA) The Advanced Card Technology Association of Canada The Association for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) The Biomedical Signal Analysis Laboratory, joint at Clarkson University and West Virginia University The Biometric Foundation (TBF) The Biometric Knowledge Center (BKnC) at West Virginia University (WVU) The Connecticut Biometric Web Page The Federation for Identity and Cross-Credentialing Systems (FiXs) The Forensic Science Initiative at (WVU)West Virginia University The Homeland Security Industries Association (HSIA) The Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH) The International Association for Identifcation (IAI) The International Association for Pattern Recognition (IAPR) The International Biometrics Society The NATIONAL BIOMETRIC SECURITY PROJECT(NBSP) The RnD Team: Canadian Research & Development Tax Credit Specialists The UK Biometrics Working Group (BWG) The Western Identification Network, Inc. (WIN)- multi-state AFIS network Transportation Security Adminstration United States Naval Academy, Electrical Engineering:Biometrics LAB Research WebHostPicks.com - Your Online Web Hosting Directory West Virginia University/FBI Forensic Identification Degree Program XML Common Biometric Format (XCBF) Working Draft, October 24, 2002 Here are links to some leading Biometric Companies Biometric Access Company (BAC, Texas,USA) Articles, Studies,Tutorials and Reviews 245.4:Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching - Laurenz Wiskott, Jean-Marc.. (1999) ...L.C. Jain et al. eds., Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition.... ...similar representation of faces has been developed in Wiskott et al.[21] for face recognition, where they use a labeled graphs, based on... 114.2:The Secure Remote Password Protocol - Thomas Wu (1998) ...easier to use and less expensive to deploy than either biometric or token-based methods. One obvious application is... /...that employ a password plus either a hand-carried or biometric device. Reference [9] contains an excellent treatment of... ...for many of the subsequent works in this area, e.g.,[5, 15, 23, 19, 21, 24]. The security of these solutions has not been proven and... 63.6:The FERET Verification Testing Protocol for Face Recognition.. - Syed Rizvi (1999) ...Abstract Two critical performance characterizations of biometric algorithms, including face recognition, are... ...with a database of around 3,800 testing images among other systems[8, 9]. Although the recent FERET test shows some significant... 27.2:Approximation Algorithms for Classification Problems with Pairwise.. - Jon Kleinberg Eva (1999) ...in areas including image processing [5, 16, 21, 24] and biometric analysis [4], and they have found applications in many... ...work by Kleinberg and Tardos, who study a variation of this problem[9]. In their work, they consider the cost of a coloring. There is a... 22.8:Modelling Facial Colour and Identity with Gaussian Mixtures - Stephen Mckenna Shaogang (1998) ...from the integrated system. Key words: Face recognition, Biometrics, Gaussian mixtures, Colour models. 1 Introduction Face... /...least in this form, to very large populations. A form of biometric "facial" recognition using the iris is better suited to... ...by MCKENNA et al. is adaptive, but it relies on a single color cue[6]. It can only adapt to slow continuous changes. In contrast, the... 21.2:Expert conciliation for multi modal person authentication systems by.. - Bigun Bigun (1997) ...First International Conference on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Crans-Montana, Switzerland, 12-14... ...made on the data distribution. In the case of Bayesian conciliation[1], the logarithm of the misidentification score is assumed to have... 20.2:ZN-Face: A system for access control using automated face recognition - Wolfgang Konen (1995) ...wolfgang@zn.ruhr-uni-bochum.de Abstract We present a biometric access control device which is based on the... /...where a complete hardware-setup has been developed as a biometric access control device for real-world security... ...the laboratory in applications such as access control (e.g.[4]). These systems typically assume a single face imaged at high resolution... 17.1:Acquisition of a large database for biometric identity verification - Messer Matas (1998) ...of a large database for biometric identity verification K. Messer, J. Matas and J. ... /...subjects taken over a period of four months. The use of biometric measurements in security applications is becoming common... ...databases, namely, the extended M2VTS database (or XM2VTSDB shortly)[8] and the IBERMATICA database. The former database contains 295... 17.0:Face Recognition with the continuous n-tuple classifier - Lucas Department Of (1997) ...applications for suitably efficient systems, including biometric security and searching large face databases. This paper... /...applications for suitably efficient systems, including biometric security and searching large face databases. This paper... ...The continuous n-tuple method was first proposed by the author[5]; this paper gives a concise description of the method, and provides a... 14.2:The Smart Floor: A Mechanism for Natural User Identification and.. - Robert Orr And (2000) ...technology, ubiquitous computing, user identification, biometrics, novel input. INTRODUCTION In the Smart Floor project,... /...Floor project, we have created and validated a system for biometric user identification based on footstep profiles. We have... ...within the house, from floors that can identify those who walk on it[11], to RF transmitters that can provide resident location... 14.2:The Smart Floor: A Mechanism for Natural User Identification and.. - Robert J. Orr, Gregory D. .. (2000) ...ubiquitous computing, tactile I/O, user identification, biometrics, indoor positioning, intelligent home environments,... /...that the user carry any tag or badge they utilize only biometric data from the user. Video and audio can also both be used ... ...within the house, from floors that can identify those who walk on it[11], to RF transmitters that can provide resident location... 12.7:Non-intrusive Person Authentication for Access Control by Visual.. - Stephen Mckenna And (1997) ...appear in: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Lecture Notes in Computer... /...Chollet, and G Borgefors, editors, Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, pages 177-183. IAPR, Springer,... ...for a general purpose person tracker. McKenna and Gong, 1997[14] describe a system that tracks people in video and automatically... 12.7:Statistical chromaticity models for lip tracking with B-splines - Ramos Sanchez (1997) ...1 Introduction INT. CONF. ON AUDIO-AND VIDEO-BASED BIOMETRIC PERSON AUTHENTICATION, CRANS MONTANA, SWITZERLAND, 1997.... /...First International Conference on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ... ...model based approaches have been based on colour information[8, 29, 2], although it was found that individual chromaticity models are... 12.7:Integrating Faces and Fingerprints for Personal Identification - Lin Hong (1997) ...in database retrieval. We have developed a prototype biometric system which integrates faces and fingerprints. The... /...time as well as the accuracy requirements. Key words: Biometrics, Personal Identification, Minutiae, Fingerprint Matching, ... ...performances than techniques based on single modalities[5, 11, 16, 14, 2]. Combining different modalities allows to alleviate problems... 12.3:A Real-Time Face Recognition System Using Custom VLSI Hardware - Jeffrey Gilbert (1993) ... burden on users and are susceptible to fraud. In contrast, biometric systems attempt to identify persons by utilizing inherent ... /...retinal patterns, and vocal characteristics. Effective biometric identification systems should be easy to use and less... ...would be able to recognize a person in a matter of a few seconds[4]. Face recognition has been the focus of computer vision researchers... 9.0:A Fuzzy Commitment Scheme - Ari Juels, Martin Wattenberg (1999) ... commitment scheme makes it useful for applications such as biometric authentication systems, in which data is subject to... /...scheme is tolerant of error, it is capable of protecting biometric data just as conventional cryptographic techniques, like... ...techniques developed for use with biometric passwords[15]. Our third scheme, the flexible-query 1 For example, police in... 8.5:Authentication via Keystroke Dynamics - Fabian Monrose (1997) ...system performance under varying criteria. Keywords: Biometrics, keystroke dynamics, pattern recognition, computer... /...scientists and engineers are now turning their efforts to biometrics as a means of identification. 1.1.1 Its in your Hands,... ...research projects agency or the u.s. government.[4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13]. This process involves a specific encoding of previous... 8.5:Fusion of Audio and Video Information for Multi Modal Person.. - Benoit Duc (1997) ...models 1 Introduction There is an increasing interest in biometric techniques for person authentication, in particular for... /...R., Froba, B., and Meller, S. (1997). Sesam: A biometric person identification system using sensor fusion. In... ...are necessary. Most of the work done in multi-modal verification[7, 12, 14, 6] was tested and evaluated on small databases (less than 40... 5.7:Fingerprint Image Enhancement: Algorithm and Performance Evaluation - Lin Hong (1998) ...Fingerprint identification is one of the most important biometric technologies which has drawn a substantial amount of... /...Chilton Book Company, London, 1971. [14] E. Newham. The Biometric Report. SJB Services, New York, 1995. [15] L. O'Gorman... ...by estimating the performance with respect to a matching algorithm[44]. The current evaluation procedure is chosen because of historical... 4.2:Tracking Facial Feature Points with Gabor Wavelets and Shape Models - Stephen J. McKenna.. (1997) ...appear in: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Lecture Notes in Computer... /... facial motion is useful in applications such as face-based biometric person authentication, expression analysis, animation and ... ...unpractical, and it has been replaced by a learned shape model in[4]. This sort of tracking can eventually lead to automatic measurement... 4.2:Combining Evidence in Personal Identity Verification Systems - J. Kittler, J. Matas, K.. (1997) ...Abstract A methodology for fusing multiple instances of biometric data to improve the performance of a personal identity... /... decision making process would draw on a single modality of biometric information. However, recent studies show that the fusion ... 4.2:Combining Evidence in Multimodal Personal Identity Recognition Systems - J. Kittler, Y.P. Li.. (1997) ...as special cases of compound classification where all the biometric data available is used jointly to make a decision. A... /...[1]. 1 Introduction INT. CONF. ON AUDIO-AND VIDEO-BASED BIOMETRIC PERSON AUTHENTICATION, CRANS MONTANA, SWITZERLAND, 1997.... ...beneficial for improving the accuracy of a recognition system[2, 3, 12]. Generally, multiple cues may be integrated at one of the... 4.2:An Identity Authentication System Using Fingerprints - Anil Jain (1997) ...Abstract Fingerprint verification is an important biometric technique for personal identification. In this paper, we... /... 1.4 seconds on a Sun ULTRA 1 workstation 1 . Keywords: Biometrics, fingerprint identification, matching, verification,... ...a technique that was previously applied to fingerprint recognition[3]. Similar methods under the name elastic template matching have been... 4.2:Lip-shape Dependent Face Verification - Kittler Li (1997) ...which draws on two distinct knowledge sources of biometric information concerning the subject. A B-spline lip... /...1 Introduction Int. Conf. on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Crans Montana, Switzerland, 1997.... ...has been done in face recognition from image sequences. Kittler et al.[100] have recently proposed to track the lips of a talking person... 4.2:Face Recognition in Dynamic Scenes - Stephen Mckenna (1997) ...least in this form, to very large populations. A form of biometric "facial" recognition using the iris is better suited to... /...and R. Chellappa. In Int. Conf. on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, LNCS 1206, pages 127-142, 1997.... ...space and conditional probabilities are then computed for colour pixels[6, 8]. The conditional density for a pixel, x, belonging to an... 4.2:Tracking Facial Feature Points with Gabor Wavelets and Shape Models - Stephen J. McKenna.. (1997) ...appear in: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Lecture Notes in Computer... /... facial motion is useful in applications such as face-based biometric person authentication, expression analysis, animation and ... ...unpractical, and it has been replaced by a learned shape model in[4]. This sort of tracking can eventually lead to automatic measurement... 4.0:Visual Authentication and Identification - Moni Naor ...using hand held computing devices or through biometric approaches. Compared to such systems our visual... /... into a special port in the remote computer, or even to use biometric identification devices. Visual identification methods... ...amounts of data. We do ? A full version of this paper is available in[9]. ?? Incumbent of the Morris and Rose Goldman Career... 2.8:An FPGA-based Point Pattern Matching Processor with Application to.. - Nalini Ratha Anil (1995) ...Fingerprint-based identification is the most popular biometric technique used in automatic personal identification [7].... ...performance modeling. The basic algorithm is taken from[100]. A fingerprint record consists of a set of features or minutiae,... 2.8:Probit models: Regression parameter estimation using the ML principle .. - Martin Spiess (1996) ...models has become increasingly popular in econometric, biometric and psychometric applications. One important advantage... /...Efficiency of regression estimates for clustered data. Biometrics, 52, 500-511. McDonald, B.W. (1993). Estimating logistic ... ...are inefficient when the correlation is large (see alsoSpiess et al. (1996)). This loss in efficiency often leads to overestimating the... 2.8:A Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network For Locating Deformable .. - Shang-Hung Lin (1996) ...locally deformable objects plays a crucial role in many biometric identification applications,including ATM, access... ...to translation, rotation, scale, and face deformation. In[44], [45], the authors introduced an efficient probabilistic decision... 2.4:Multivariate Analysis and Spatial/Temporal Scales: Real and Complex.. - Michel Grzebyk (1994) ...France Published in: Proceedings of XVIIth International Biometric Conference, 8-12 August 1994 at Hamilton, Ontario,... /...complex models. Proceedings of the XVIIth International Biometric Conference, Hamilton,... ...such as those recently introduced byGrzebyk and Wackernagel (1994) and Ver Hoef and Barry (1994) are called for here.... 2.0:Approaches to Online Learning and Concept Drift for User.. - Terran Lane ...here as working in conjunction with other methods such as biometric measurements and attack signature detection to create an... ...domains for learning hidden context (Harries et al., 1998;Lane and Brodley, 1998), and could be applied to adjusting similarity... Javacards as Ubiquitous, Mobile and Multiservice Cards - Nico Maibaum Chair ... safe instant identification and authentication we will use biometric techniques. Later these concepts can be easily applied... /...chapter four we will introduce a secure card access with biometric techniques. With the integration of a fingerprint sensor... Automatic Face Authentication from 3D surface - Charles Beumier And ...more developments in the field of security concentrate on biometric solutions in order to get rid of PIN codes and cards... /...Acquisition of Facial Data", In Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Crans-Montana, Switzerland, 12-14... Biometric Systems: A Face Recognition Approach - Erik Hjelms Department ...Biometric Systems: A Face Recognition Approach Erik Hjelms ... /...email: erikh@hig.no Abstract In this paper we propose a biometric face recognition system based on local features.... Biometrics, Access Control, Smart Cards: Anot So Simple Combination - Gael Hachez Ucl ...BIOMETRICS, ACCESS CONTROL, SMART CARDS: ANOT SO SIMPLE COMBINATION ... /...BANCA 1 2 1. INTRODUCTION The great advantage of biometrics is that it relieves the user from the di#cult task of... Automatic Face Verification from 3D and Grey Level Clues - Charles Beumier And ... the only viable solution for access control till recently, biometric verification appears more and more attractive considering ... /... cards. However, existing prototypes based on user accepted biometric modalities such as speech or face still suffer from... Comparison of Multilayer and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks.. - Finan Sapeluk And ...reason for this is that a person's voice is considered a biometric identifier, as are fingerprints, retinal patterns and... /...a card or a key that can be duplicated or stolen. Also a biometric identifier does not have to be remembered like the... Modeling with LIMIDs - Examplified by Disease Treatment in Slaughter.. - Michael Hohle Hoehle ... Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Systems, Biometric Research Unit, Research Centre Foulum, Denmark z ... Royal Military Academy, Signal Image Centre (c/o ELEC) Avenue de la.. - Ma Ac Be ...to replace or complement passwords or access cards with biometric solutions. From the available biometric systems, facial... /...access cards with biometric solutions. From the available biometric systems, facial analysis remains one of the solutions... Automatic 3D Face Authentication - Charles Beumier And ...structured light surface comparison 1 Introduction Biometric measurements receive an increasing interest for security... /...First International Conference on Audio and Video based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Crans-Montana,... Face Recognition: A Literature Survey - Zhao Sarnoff Corporation ...and so on. Although extremely reliable methods of biometric personal identification exist, e.g., fingerprint analysis ... /...or knowledge. The advantages/disadvantages of different biometrics are described in [8]. Table 1 lists some of the... SIC DB: Multi-Modal Database for Person Authentication - Charles Beumier Marc ... ACTS programme aimed at developing, integrating and fusing biometric experts (using speech, face, profile, 3D) for security in ... /...Profile Identification ", In Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Crans-Montana, Switzerland, ... Approximation Algorithms for Classification Problems with Pairwise.. - Jon Kleinberg Eva ...in areas including image processing [5, 15, 20, 23] and biometric analysis [4], and they have found applications in many... Extremely Secure Identification Documents - Keith Tolk Cooperative ... Abstract The technology developed in this project uses biometric information printed on the document and public key... /...was issued, security related information, and possibly biometric data are recorded on the document. A data signature... Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and.. - Rgec Commonwealth Of ...Bandwidth The capacity of a communications channel. Biometric identification techniques Identification techniques based ... /...process that provides identification of an individual. . Biometric identification: This involves a measurement of some... Using Gait as a Biometric, via Phase-Weighted Magnitude Spectra - David Cunado Mark ...Gait as a Biometric, via Phase-Weighted Magnitude Spectra David Cunado, Mark ... /...and msn@ecs.soton.ac.uk Abstract. Gait is a biometric which is subject to increasing interest. Current... Bio-Technologies In Computing: The Promises And The Reality - Shmerko Dueck Ffl ...WWW:http//www.ee.pdx.edu/ mperkows/, Biometric Digest, St.Louis, Missouri, P.O. Box 510047, USA, Tel:... /...of biological objects based on feature extraction from biometric data (voice, thermal images, fingerprints et.al.) is... PCA: Jini-based Personal Card Assistant - Roger Kehr Joa ... toa computer. It is pla nned to integra te 3 keyboa rds, biometric sensorsa nd screens directly on the ca rd, buttha t is... A Contribution to Multi-Modal Identity Verification Using Decision.. - Patrick Verlinde, Marc.. (1999) ...fusion problem encountered in the design of a multi-modal biometrical identity verification system. The multi-modal identity... /...a multi-modal database, containing both vocal and visual biometric modalities. Keywords: Multi-modal identity verification,... ...database and using the same experimental setup as described in[10]. This setup includes: . The experimental protocol used to extract... User Recognition by Keystroke Latency Pattern Analysis - Dawn Song Peter ...for notebooks. It can also be used as an additional biometric authentication method on a high security computer or for... Deformable Matching Of Hand Shapes For Verification - Anil Jain And ...on his physical or behavioral characteristics are called biometrics. Biometric systems are already employed in domains that... /...or behavioral characteristics are called biometrics. Biometric systems are already employed in domains that require some ... M. Bierlaire - Lotan And Ph ...developed in several fields, as mathematical psychology, biometric and marketing (see McFadden and Manski, 1981, for... D ej a Vu: A User Study Using Images for Authentication - Rachna Dhamija Rachna ... systems, token-based systems, and systems based on biometrics. In today's security systems, knowledge-based schemes... /...are predominantly used for user authentication. Although biometrics can be useful for user identification, one problem with... Mining E-mail Authorship - Olivier de Vel (2000) ... humans have unique (or near-unique) patterns of behaviour, biometric attributes, and so on. We therefore conjecture that... Personalizing Smart Environments: Face Recognition for Human.. - Alex Pentland And ...memory, there has developed considerable interest in biometric identification systems, which use pattern recognition... /...characteristics. Fingerprints are a classic example of a biometric newer technologies include retina and iris recognition.... Support Vector Machines for Face Authentication - K. Jonsson, J. Kittler, Y.P.. (2000) ... 1 Introduction High-security verification systems based on biometric modalities such as the iris, retina and fingerprints have ... /...some time. However, one of the most attractive sources of biometric information is the human face since highly discriminatory ... ...robust form of correlation is applied to face authentication. In[6], we investigated how the SVM performance is affected by different... XM2VTSDB: The Extended M2VTS Database - Messer Matas Kittler (1999) ...1 Introduction The use of biometric measurements in security applications is becoming common... /...developments in the area. Extremely reliable methods of biometric personal identi cation exist, e.g. ngerprint analysis,... ...on frontal-face images from the extended M2VTS multi-modal database[6]. This publicly available database contains face images and speech... Learning Support Vectors for Face Authentication: Sensitivity to.. - K. Jonsson, J. Kittler.. ...INTRODUCTION High-security verification systems based on biometric modalities such as iris, retina and fingerprints have... /...some time. However, one of the most attractive sources of biometric information is the human face since highly discriminative ... BioID: A Multimodal Biometric Identification System - Robert W. Frischholz, Ulrich.. (2000) ... 2000 IEEE 2 Computer BioID: A Multimodal Biometric Identification System M ost systems that control access... /...and numbers quite easily and use them without detection. Biometric identification systems, which use physical features to... "Acceptance Threshold's Adaptability in Fingerprint-Based.. - By Mounina Bocoum ...be based on infallible parameters, thus the interest for biometrics, as presented in this thesis. The study's objective is to ... /...the soundness of the threshold's flexibility in biometric authentication systems. The emphasis is put on... Multi-Modal Identity Verification Using Expert Fusion - Patrick Verlinde, Gérard .. ...fusion problem encountered in the design of a multi-modal biometrical identity verification system. The multi-modal identity... /...a multi-modal database, containing both vocal and visual biometric modalities. Keywords: Multi-modal identity verification,... Learning Support Vectors for Face Verification and Recognition - K. Jonsson, J. Matas, J.. ...Introduction High-security verification systems based on biometric modalities such as iris, retina and fingerprints have... /...some time. However, one of the most attractive sources of biometric information is the human face since highly discriminative ... Multi-modal Identity Verification using Support Vector Machines (SVM) - B. Gutschoven, P.. ...a new kind of methods is emerging, based on so called biometric measures, such as vocal (speech) or visual (face,... /...profile,...) information of the person to be identified. Biometric measures in general, and user-friendly (vocal, visual)... Saliency-Based Robust Correlation for Real-Time Face Registration and .. - Jonsson Matas.. (1998) ...1 Introduction Verification of person identity based on biometric information is important for many security applications.... ...face images. The work presented below is a development of [9] and[6] but there are a number of important differences. In comparison with... Provably Secure - Password-Authenticated Key.. ...has. Passwords or PINs are example of the first category. Biometric techniques, such as analysis of voice, fingerprints,... /...cards, fit in the third category. Techniques involving biometric devices tend to be cost-prohibitive, while techniques... Multi-Application Smart Cards and Encrypted Data Processing - Josep Domingo-Ferrer Universitat ... applications as well as cardinitiated applications such as biometric verication (recognition of voice, ngerprints or... /... and the exibility of smart cards. For example, complicated biometric patterns or large medical records can now be protected by ... Applying Logistic Regression to the Fusion of the NIST'99 1-Speaker.. - St Ephane Pigeon ...a new kind of method is emerging, based on so-called biometric measures such as vocal (speech), visual (face, pro le), ... /...to be identi ed. A system based on a particular set of biometric features is referred to as an expert for that biometric... Recognizing Faces from the Eyes Only - Hjelmas Department Of ... mostly due to its wide range of application in the area of biometric systems. Many different approaches have been proposed,... /...First International Conference on Audio and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, 1997. [11] L. Sirovich and M.... Support Vector Machines for Face Authentication - Jonsson Kittler Li (1999) ...1 Introduction Verification of person identity based on biometric information is important for many security applications.... /...feasible, immune to environmental changes during the biometric data acquisition, and effective by providing it only with ... ...robust form of correlation is applied to face authentication. In[6], we investigated how the SVM performance is affected by different... Roddy and Stosz: Fingerprint Features - Statistical Analysis and.. - Br Ua Ry ...authentication increases, many people are turning to biometric authentication as an alternative to traditional security... /...security devices. Concurrently, users and vendors of biometric authentication systems are searching for methods to... Wavefront Coding: A modern method of achieving high performance.. - Edward Dowski Jr ...the two applications of machine vision/label reading and biometric imaging. Design techniques of Wavefront Coding are unique ... /...of Wavefront Coding imaging for machine vision and biometrics applications. A description of our jointly optimized... Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review - Anil K. Jain (1999) ... clip Video genres (e.g., retrieval action, dialogue, etc.) Biometric recognition Personal identi cation Face, iris, Authorized ... /...organization and retrieval of multimedia databases, and biometrics (personal identi cation based on various physical... Many-Time Restrictive Blind Signatures - Gerrit Bleumer (1999) ...Chaum has suggested to equip the observers with some biometric sensor [C88], which is a su#ciently powerful hardware... /...Berlin 1998, 127-144. [B98] Gerrit Bleumer: Biometric yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication Information ... On-line Handwritten Signature Verification using Hidden Markov Model.. - Kashi Hu Nelson ... Signature verification is a common behavioral biometric to identify human beings for purposes of establishing... H5 - An Authorization Framework for the Enterprise - The Open Group's ...Twofish , ... Encryption X.509, CMS, Kerberos, Sesame, Biometric, Token-Card,... Authentication TOG AuthAPI (AZN-API),... Local Estimation Of A Biometric Function With Covariate Effects - Zongwu Cai And ...et al. (Eds) c fl 1998 VSP/TEV LOCAL ESTIMATION OF A BIOMETRIC FUNCTION WITH COVARIATE EFFECTS ZONGWU CAI AND LIANFEN... /...ABSTRACT In the analysis of life tables one biometric function of interest is the life expectancy at age t,... Forensic photo/videogrammetry; Monte Carlo simulation of pixel and.. - Jurrien Bijhold And ...More information can be obtained by performing biometric measurements 1,2 . The length of the robber is often... /...this study will be continued with measuring other biometrics. Figure 1. Two examples of video surveillance images J. ... Handling Signature Purposes in Workflow Systems - Karl Leung Lucas ...of paper and human interpretation. For example, the biometric characteristics of the written signatures are used in... /...needed. This piece of evidence is usually provided by the biometric characteristics of the written characters, or by some... Biometric Decision Landscapes - John Daugman University ...Biometric Decision Landscapes John Daugman University of Cambridge... /..."decision landscapes" that characterize several forms of biometric decision making. The issues discussed include: (i)... Digital Signatures, Certificates and Electronic Commerce - Brian Gladman Carl ...On the other hand, a written signature is linked in a biometric way to its owner but its use on a document does not... /...strong process. Certificates linking keys with biometric data can overcome some of these difficulties but the... Compression of Color Facial Images using Feature Correction Two-Stage .. - Jincheng Huang And ... suchasIDnumber, other demographic information, and certain biometric information ngerprint, voice, signature, etc.#. Tosave... COMPRESSION OF COLOR FACIAL IMAGES USING FEATURE CORRECTION TWO-STAGE .. - Jincheng Huang, Yao .. ...ID number, other demographic information, and certain biometric information ngerprint, voice, signature, etc.#. Tosave... Multiple Organ Definition in CT Using A Bayesian Approach For 3D.. - Jennifer Boes Terry ... using a priori information about shape encoded in a set of biometric organ models-specifically for the liver and kidney-that ... /...Bayesian "uncertainty" of the fit is encoded in correct biometric fashion, as a true variability of the observed scene... D20 - Project final report and results of trials - Nature Of Deliverable ...Smart card trial TTP Value-added services UIM UMTS Vocal Biometrics AC095/VOD/W31/DS/P/20/E D20 Project final report and... /...framework 55 4.3.2.6 EXODUS support 57 4.3.3 Vocal biometric application 57 4.3.3.1 File system 57 4.3.3.2 Commands ... Issues in the Use of a Plant-Capture Method for Estimating the Size.. - By Elizabeth Martin ...at the 1993 meeting of the Western North American REgion Biometric Society/Institute of Mathematical Statistics in Laramie,... /...In this method, described by Laska and Meisner in a 1993 Biometrics article, a known number of marked but otherwise... A Multi-Spectral Data Fusion Approach to Speaker Recognition - J.E. Higgins, R.I. Damper, C.J. .. ...and contexts. Speaker recognition is an example of biometric personal identification [3]. Biometric techniques based... /...is an example of biometric personal identification [3]. Biometric techniques based on intrinsic characteristics (such as... Multimodal Decision Level Fusion for Person Authentication - Vassilios Chatzis Adrian ...identification problem. An identification system compares biometric or other features of a person with the features of... /...First International Conference on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA'97), pp. 169-176, March... Robust Person Verification Based On Speech And Facial Images - J. Lüttin, S. Ben-Yacoub ...than individual modules for all cases. 1. INTRODUCTION Biometric authentication techniques like face recognition and... Speaker Verification -- Experiments on the XM2VTS Database - Jürgen Lüttin (1999) ...access to local and centralised services using multimodal biometric authentication technologies. Potential applications... /...The extended M2VTS database. In Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, AVBPA'99, pages 72-77, Washington, ... Learning Salient Features for Real-Time Face Verification - Jonsson Matas And (1999) ... 1 Introduction Verification of person identity based on biometric information is important for many security applications.... /...and J. Kittler. Acquisition of a large database for biometric identity verification. In BIOSIGNAL 98, Technical... ...problem, on the other hand, is less explored. Recent examples include[3] in which a robust form of correlation is applied to face... Camera-based ID Verification by Signature Tracking - Mario E. Munich, Pietro Perona (1998) ...di Padova, Italia Abstract. A number of vision-based biometric techniques have been proposed in the past for personal... /...are shown. 1 Introduction and Motivation A number of biometric techniques have been proposed for personal ... ...in the current computer environment. We have demonstrated[5] the feasibility of using a visual interface that can be built with... Visual Signature Verification using Affine Arc-length - Mario E. Munich, Pietro Perona (1999) ...is receiving a lot of attention nowadays is the area of biometric techniques for personal identification. Signature... /...Signature verification belongs to this set of biometric techniques. In most systems, signature verification... ...to interact with the computer. We have presented the performance[5, 6, 7] of our visual-based signature verification system using the... Simple Test Procedure for Image-Based Biometric Verification Systems - Wilson Mccabe.. ...Test Procedure for Image-Based Biometric Verification Systems C. L. Wilson, R. M. McCabe... /... This report discusses a simple test method for image-based biometric verification systems. A fingerprint based computer login... Continuous Dynamic Time Warping for translationinvariant curve.. - Mario Munich Pietro ...is receiving a lot of attention nowadays is the area of biometric techniques for personal identification. Signature... /...Signature verification belongs to this set of biometric techniques. In most systems, signature verification... Unknown - ...Classification Model by David Faraggi and Richard Simon Biometric Research Branch National Cancer Institute 6130 Executive... Facial feature extraction and pose determination - Athanasios Nikolaidis ...matching, Active contour models, Projective geometry, Biometric properties. 1 Introduction One of the key problems in... /...After experimentation and by taking into account some biometric analogies of the human face, it has been found that AHT... Practical Human-Machine Identification over Insecure Channels - Xiang-Yang Li ...identification protocols have been proposed. Some use biometrics such as the fingerprint of a user, the voice of a user,... /...are designed for obtaining and for checking the related biometric information. The rate of recognition is main block to use ... Speaker Verification In Www Applications - Boves Koolwaaij ...Increasingly, service providers are interested in using biometric verification to protect access to Internet and World Wide ... /... 4.2. Enrollment One of the sticky problems for every biometric recognition technique is how to verify the identity of... Secure Network Authentication with Password Identification - Philip Mackenzie ...knows, i.e., a password, ffl something a user is, i.e., biometric information, and ffl something a user has, i.e., some... ...from the paper, Secure Network Authentication with Password Identification[MS]. Information Sciences Center, Bell Laboratories, Lucent... Multi-Modal Data Fusion for. . . - Souheil Ben-Yacoub (1998) ...approach focuses on the authentication problem. Different biometrics features can be used to identify a person (fingerprints,... /... the work we are presenting we are dealing with multi-modal biometric features: voice and face recognition. Using different... Estimating Equations for Clustered Data Based on Extended.. - Daniel Hall ...Biometric Conference Cape Town, December 1998 Estimating Equations ... /...of multivariate discrete and continuous responses. Biometrics, 47, 825-839. Wolfinger, R. and O'Connell, M. (1993)... The equation for the response to selection and its use for prediction - H. Mühlenbein (1997) ...traits in a population. The latter is the approach of the biometricians, who, for example, might perform a regression of... /...poses a major problem in quantitative genetics. The biometric approach assumes that heritability remains constant, but... . Motivation - Biometric Measurements ...security, structured light, 3-D features. 1. MOTIVATION Biometric measurements receive more and more interest for security... Comparative Assessment of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for.. - Chengjun Liu (1999) ...Second International Conference on Audio-and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, AVBPA'99, Washington D. C. USA,... /...research fields such as Human Computer Interaction (HCI), biometrics and security, but also because it is a typical Pattern... ...(EFM) [26], and the Enhanced Independent Component Analysis (EICA)[29]. Lowering the subspace dimension for all three coding schemes is... The FERET September 1996 Database and Evaluation Procedure - P. Jonathon Phillips, Hyeonjoon .. (1997) ...First International Conference on Audio and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Crans-Montana, Switzerland, 12-14... Decision Level Fusion by Clustering algorithms for Person.. - Vassilios Chatzis ...claim his identity and a feature set, that corresponds to biometric or other features of the candidate, is compared only to... /...of First International Conference on Audioand Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA'97), March 1997. [7] C.... Latent Variables, State Spaces, And Mixing - Jan De ...Pearson [5] first came across non-normal variation in his biometric work, he tried to maintain this notion of simplicity by... Compression Of Color Facial Images Using Feature Correction Two-Stage .. - Jincheng Huang ...as ID number, other demographic information, and certain biometric information (fingerprint, voice, signature, etc.). To... Neural Systems for Complex Identification Tasks: The Access Control.. - Hormel Konen ... offers an automated access control system which performs a biometric identification of persons from their facial images. To... /...threshold. of the coin: Often even more important for biometric devices is the question, how successfully persons are... Iris Identification System - Ted Camus ...to unobtrusively verify an individual's identity. This biometric system [3] represents an evolution of [1]. It provides... /...and apparatus for using the human iris as a robust biometric. In Ophthalmic Technologies VIII, SPIE Proceedings vol.... A Fuzzy Decision System for Ultrasonic Prenatal Examination.. - Brian Smith ...When such examinations are also limited to one or more biometric measurements without a survey of fetal anatomy, many... /...bounds are established for typical measurements of the biometric items of interest, from an extensive library of data [1]... D Graphical Simulation of Biped Dynamic Locomotion - Gon Alo ...as q 0 , q 0 and q 0 ) is obtained from biometric measures of a normal human gait. Therefore, with the... Authentication Techniques - Esmaili Safavi-Naini ...that complements the two cryptographic methods is iii) Biometric technique. Biometric techniques limit access of... /... the two cryptographic methods is iii) Biometric technique. Biometric techniques limit access of unauthorized users and allow... Combining Vocal And Visual Cues In An Identity Verification System.. - Nn Based ...a new kind of methods is emerging, based on so-called biometric measures, such as vocal (speech) or visual (face,... /...to someone else). A major problem that occurs with the biometrics is that the physical appearance of a person tends to vary ... Deformable Matching Of Hand Shapes For Verification - Anil K. Jain, Nicolae Duta ...Fax: 517-432-1061 Technical area: Applications: Biometrics, hand shape geometry Shape, Deformable Models ... /...on his physical or behavioral characteristics are called biometrics. Biometric systems are already employed in domains that... Ear Biometrics for Machine Vision - Burge And ...Ear Biometrics for Machine Vision M. Burge and W. Burger Johannes... /... burge@cast.uni-linz.ac.at Abstract: A new class of biometrics based upon ear features is introduced for use in the... The Mixing Approach As A Unifying Framework For Dynamic Multivariate.. - Jan De ... Pearson [18] first came across non-normal variation in his biometric work, he tried to maintain this notion of simplicity by... CAVE -- Speaker Verification in Banking and Telecommunications - David James ...in turn. 2. Speaker Verification The human voice is a biometric a physical or physiological characteristic of a ... About Multi-Modal Identity Verification in Interactive Dialogue.. - Patrick Verlinde ...verification system presented here is based on two biometric modalities (speech and vision) and it uses 3 experts... /...modalities. Keywords: Multi-modal identity verification, biometrics, decision fusion. 1 INTRODUCTION One of the... Fusion of Face and Speech Data for. . . - S. Ben-Yacoub, et al. (1999) ...authentication is gaining more and more attention in the biometrics area. Combining different modalities increases the... /...users by characteristics which are difficult to impost. Biometrics [12] is the area related to person recognition by means... Person Recognition Using Acoustic and Visual Cues - Daniele Falavigna (1994) ... the use of other types of cues (e.g. fingerprints or other biometric data) to increase the overall reliability of the system.... /...of them or further features (e.g. fingerprints, or other biometric data) could be added as well. The superior performance of ... ...on a predefined transformation of the likelihood values in the lists[5] and the other is based on a posteriori probability [2]. Both will... Facial Feature Extraction In Frontal Views Using Biometric Analogies - Sofia Tsekeridou (1998) ...FEATURE EXTRACTION IN FRONTAL VIEWS USING BIOMETRIC ANALOGIES Sofia Tsekeridou and Ioannis Pitas Dept. of... /...of the face in the vertical direction and (b) facial biometric analogies depending on the size of the face estimated by... ...of head rotation can be based on their accurate positions[26]. The major benefit of the aforementioned approaches is their... Comparing decision fusion paradigms using k-NN based classifiers.. - Patrick Verlinde, Gerard.. (1999) ...a new kind of methods is emerging, based on so-called biometric measures, such as vocal (speech), visual (face, profile,... /...Brussels, Belgium problem that occurs with the biometrics is that the physical appearance of a person tends to vary ... ...Also, several nonparametric classifiers have been used in this work[10]. A first representative has been the family of the (very... Line-Based Face Recognition under Varying Pose - Stefan Aeberhard ...and normalises a vector of geometric descriptors of biometric facial components such as the eyebrow thickness, nose... /...owing to the fact that it does not use any detailed biometric knowledge of the human face. Image-based techniques... Applying Bayes based classifiers for decision fusion in a multi-modal .. - Patrick Verlinde (1999) ...a new kind of methods is emerging, based on so-called biometric measures, such as vocal (speech), visual (face, profile,... /...identified (i.e. measures of physical appearance). Such a biometric measure will be indifferently called a modality or an... ...in the case of a logistic regression model), were experimented[12]. Furthermore experiments have been done using Linear, Quadratic, and... Intelligence In Modern Communication Systems - C. Kotropoulos, I. Pitas ...and should authenticate the user on the basis of biometric information. Moreover, the design of copyright protection ... /...between cloned and virtual faces [9], and, (vi) the biometric authentication of users accessing multimedia services... A multi-level data fusion approach for gradually upgrading the.. - Patrick Verlinde, Pascal.. (1999) ...step results of multiple experts working on the same (biometric) modality. For this approach to work, it is supposed that ... /...improved by using multiple experts working on different (biometric) modalities. To be useful however, these experts have to... ...using Linear, Quadratic, and Multi-Layer Perceptron classifiers[11]. Also, several nonparametric classifiers have been used in this... Recognizing Persons By Their Iris Patterns - John Daugman ...Daugman Cambridge University Abstract: Performance in biometric identification is determined by two kinds of variability... /...determined by two kinds of variability among the acquired biometric templates: (1) within-Subject variability, which sets a... Facility Security Reasoning in a Hybrid Intelligent Tracking System - John Elling ...is provided by a number of access control systems and biometric systems such as badge and hand geometry readers and face... /...For example, a magnetic badge reader and a hand geometry biometric sensor are combined together to form a single virtual... Recognizing Faces from the Eyes Only - Hjelmas Department ... mostly due to its wide range of application in the area of biometric systems. Many different approaches have been proposed,... /...First International Conference on Audio and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, 1997. [11] L. Sirovich and M.... Access controls for federated database environments -- taxonomy of.. - W. Eßmayr, F. Kastner.. (1995) ...or more sophisticated methods like badge readers, biometric recognition techniques or signature analysis. .... Biography of Authors Nalini K. Ratha - Received His ... 1 Introduction Fingerprint matching is the most popular biometric technique used in automatic personal identification ... Decision fusion using a multi-linear classifier - Patrick Verlinde (1998) ...a new kind of methods is emerging, based on so called biometric measures, such as vocal (speech) or visual (face,... /...: : : ) information of the person to be identified. Biometric measures in general, and user-friendly (vocal, visual)... ...adapted. In the parametric class, piece-wise linear classifiers[47], and classifiers based on the general Bayesian decision theory... Audio-Visual Person Verification - Souheil Ben-Yacoub, Jürgen.. (1998) ...98-18 1 Introduction Recognition systems based on biometric features (face, voice, iris, etc ...) have received a lot ... /...[21, 8]. Verification of person identity based on biometric informations os important for many security applications. ... Filtering Techniques for Rapid User Classification - Terran Lane (1998) ...here as working in conjunction with other methods such as biometric measurements and attack signature detection to create an... ...window length and time to detection is covered in more detail in [Lanar]. For reasons of time, smaller subsets of the available data were... XM2VTSDB: The Extended M2VTS Database - K. Messer, J. Matas, J.. (1999) ... Second International Conference on Audio and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA'99), Washington D.C, 1999... /...1 Introduction The use of biometric measurements in security applications is becoming common... ...on frontal-face images from the extended M2VTS multi-modal database[6]. This publicly available database contains face images and speech... Report on the use of UIMs for UMTS AC095/GD/W24/DS/P/04/1 Page 1 of 56 - Project Number The CAVE Speaker Verification Project -- Experiments on the YOHO and.. - David James ...the 1st International Conference on Audio-and Videobased Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Crans-Montana,... Authentication Method with Impersonal Token Cards - Refik Molva ...the speed 1 Of course, authentication devices employing biometric authentication are not susceptible. of manual entry at... /...and storing user specific secrets (passwords, PINs, biometric patterns, etc.) on the token card. This feature is... Nalini K. Ratha, Anil K. Jain Diane T. Rover - Department Of ... Fingerprint-based identification is the most popular biometric technique used in automatic personal identification [6].... Face Authentication by retinotopic sampling of the Gabor.. - Smeraldi Capdevielle ...the 2nd International Conference on Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA '99) Washington DC (USA),... /...in case a large client database must be maintained or biometric data must be stored on a smartcard. 6 Conclusions We... Biometric yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication - Gerrit Bleumer (1998) ...Biometric yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication Gerrit... /...USA, bleumer@acm.org L AT&T Labs-Research TR 98.1.1 Biometric yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication Gerrit... ...We call these identity based pseudonyms. A personal credential [5] is a credential that can be used arbitrarily often, but cannot be... Security in the World Wide Web - Jochen Rindfrey ... way to avoid such occurrences is authentification using of biometric features such as face recognition: before another service ... /...if the check fails, access is denied. Unfortunately, biometric authentification techniques are not yet matured enough to ... Biometric Glossary and Key Terms.... Acquisition device– The hardware used to acquire biometric samples. The following acquisition devices are associated with each biometric technology. Active imposter acceptance – Acceptance of a biometric sample submitted by someone attempting to gain illegal entry to a biometric system. AFIS– Automated Fingerprint Identification System. A system originally developed for use by law enforcement agencies, which compares a single fingerprint with a database of fingerprint images. Subsequent developments have seen its use in commercial applications, where a client or customer has their finger image compared with existing personal data by placing a finger on a scanner, or by the scanning of inked paper impressions. Alogrithm– A sequence of instructions that tells a system how to solve a problem. Used by biometric systems, for example, to tell whether a sample and a template are a match. Cryptographic algorithms are used to encrypt sensitive data files, to encrypt and decrypt messages, and to digitally sign documents. API - Application Program Interface. A computer code which is a set of instructions or services used to standardize an application. Any system compatible with the API can then be added or interchanged by the application developer. Asynchronous multimodality - systems that require that a user verify through more than one biometric in sequence. Asynchronous multimodal solutions are comprised of one, two, or three distinct authentication processes. A typical user interaction will consist of a verification on finger scan, then face if finger is successful. Audit trail -In computer/network systems: Record of events (protocols, written documents, and other evidence) which can be used to trace the activities and usage of a system. Such material is crucial when tracking down successful attacks/attackers, determining how the attacks happened, and being able to use this evidence in a court of law.
BioAPI -BioAPI V1.0, developed by the BioAPI consortium, and released in March 2000. Designed to produce a standard biometric API aiding developers and consumers. Biometric (noun) - one of various technologies that utilize behavioral or physiological characteristics to determine or verify identity. “Finger-scan is a commonly used biometric.” Plural form also acceptable: “Retina-scan and iris-scan are eye-based biometrics." Biometrics (noun) – Field relating to biometric identification. EG: “What is the future of biometrics?” Biometric (adjective) – Of or pertaining to technologies that utilize behavioral or physiological characteristics to determine or verify identity. EG: “Do you plan to use biometric identification or older types of identification?” Biometric sample - The identifiable, unprocessed image or recording of a physiological or behavioral characteristic, acquired during submission, used to generate biometric templates. Also referred to as biometric data. Biometric system - The integrated biometric hardware and software used to conduct biometric identification or verification. Buffer overflow -Most common cause of current security vulnerabilities. A buffer overflow occurs when more data is put into a temporary data storage area (buffer) than the buffer can hold. Because buffers can only hold a finite amount of data, the extra information can overflow into adjacent buffers, corrupting or overwriting the data in them. Programming errors are the one of the most frequent causes of buffer overflow problems. In attacks which exploit buffer vulnerabilities, extra data is sent to the buffer with code designed to trigger specific actions, and which can damage files, change data, or disclose confidential information. Buffer overflow attacks may have arisen from poor use of the C programming language. Contact/Contactless - In regard to chip cards: whether the card is read by direct contact with a reader or has a transmitter/receiver system which allows it to be read using radio frequency technology (up to a certain distance). Crossover error rate (CER)—a comparison metric for different biometric devices and technologies; the error rate at which FAR equals FRR. The lower the CER, the more accurate and reliable the biometric device. Data vaulting -The process of sending data off site, where it can be protected from hardware failures, theft, and other threats. Several companies now offer Web backup services that compress, encrypt, and periodically transmit a customer's data to a remote vault. In most cases, the vaults have auxiliary power supplies, powerful computers, and manned security. Also referred to as a remote backup service (RBS). Decision– The result of the comparison between the score and the threshold. The decisions a biometric system can make include match, non-match, and inconclusive, although varying degrees of strong matches and non-matches are possible. Digital certificate - In the PKI environment, the data, equivalent to an identity card, issued to a user by a CA (Certificate authority), which he/she uses during business transactions to prove his/her identity.
Its output is a pair of numbers (often referred to as r and s) which together, make up the digital signature.To verify a digital signature, DSA needs as input
DSA then makes a computation, the output of which is called v, for example. If v = r, then the signature verifies. Enrollment—the initial process of collecting biometric data from a user and then storing it in a template for later comparison. Feature extraction- The automated process of locating and encoding distinctive characteristics from a biometric sample in order to generate a template. False-acceptance rate (FAR)—the percentage of imposters incorrectly matched to a valid user's biometric. False-rejection rate (FRR)—the percentage of incorrectly rejected valid users. Identification—the process by which the biometric system identifies a person by performing a one-to-many (1:n) search against the entire enrolled population. Identification (1:N, one-to-many, recognition) – The process of determining a person’s identity by performing matches against multiple biometric templates. Identification systems are designed to determine identity based solely on biometric information. There are two types of identification systems: positive identification and negative identification. Positive identification systems are designed to find a match for a user’s biometric information in a database of biometric information. Matching - The comparison of biometric templates to determine their degree of similarity or correlation. A match attempt results in a score that, in most systems, is compared against a threshold. If the score exceeds the threshold, the result is a match; if the score falls below the threshold, the result is a non-match. Minutiae Points - Local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending. Privacy-Protective - A privacy-protective system is one used to protect or limit access to personal information, or which provide a means for an individual to establish a trusted identity. Privacy-Sympathetic - A privacy-sympathetic system is one that limits access to and usage of personal data and in which decisions regarding design issues such as storage and transmission of biometric data are informed, if not driven, by privacy concerns. Privacy-Neutral- A privacy-neutral system is one in which privacy is not an issue, or in which the potential privacy impact is slight. Privacy-neutral systems are difficult to misuse from a privacy perspective, but do not have the capability to protect personal privacy. Privacy-Invasive - A privacy-invasive system facilitates or enables the usage of personal data in a fashion inconsistent with generally accepted privacy principles. Score – A number indicating the degree of similarity or correlation of a biometric match. Traditional authentication methods – passwords, PINs, keys, and tokens - are binary, offering only a strict yes/no response. This is not the case with most biometric systems. Nearly all biometric systems are based on matching algorithms that generate a score subsequent to a match attempt. This score represents the degree of correlation between the verification template and the enrollment template. There is no standard scale used for biometric scoring: for some vendors a scale of 1-100 might be used, others might use a scale of –1 to 1; some vendors may use a logarithmic scale and others a linear scale. Regardless of the scale employed, this verification score is compared to the system’s threshold to determine how successful a verification attempt has been. Single Error Rates- Error rates state the likelihood of an error (false match, false non-match, or failure to enroll) for a single comparison of two biometric templates or for a single enrollment attempt. This can be thought of as a "single" error rate. Synchronous multimodality - the use of multiple biometric technologies in a single authentication process. For example, biometric systems exist which use face and voice simultaneously, reducing the likelihood of fraud and reducing the time needed to verify. Submission- The process whereby a user provides behavioral or physiological data in the form of biometric samples to a biometric system. A submission may require looking in the direction of a camera or placing a finger on a platen. Depending on the biometric system, a user may have to remove eyeglasses, remain still for a number of seconds, or recite a pass phrase in order to provide a biometric sample. Template—a mathematical representation of biometric data. A template can vary in size from 9 bytes for hand geometry to several thousand bytes for facial recognition. Threshold - A predefined number, often controlled by a biometric system administrator, which establishes the degree of correlation necessary for a comparison to be deemed a match. Verification (1:1, matching, authentication) – The process of establishing the validity of a claimed identity by comparing a verification template to an enrollment template. Verification requires that an identity be claimed, after which the individual’s enrollment template is located and compared with the verification template. Verification answers the question, “Am I who I claim to be?” Some verification systems perform very limited searches against multiple enrollee records. For example, a user with three enrolled finger-scan templates may be able to place any of the three fingers to verify, and the system performs 1:1 matches against the user’s enrolled templates until a match is found. One-to-few. There is a middle ground between identification and verification referred to as one-to-few (1:few). This type of application involves identification of a user from a very small database of enrollees. While there is no exact number that differentiates a 1:N from a 1:few system, any system involving a search of more than 500 records is likely to be classified as 1:N. A typical use of a 1:few system would be access control to sensitive rooms at a 50-employee company, where users place their finger on a device and are located from a small database.
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